Chapter 7: Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

The ability to store and use information

Question 2

What is the Information Processing model of memory?

Answer 2

Sensory Memory: Holds memory in sensory form (<1/2 sec) (large capacity)

           (Refers to Paying attention)------->

Short Term Memory: Temporary storage (1/2-30sec) (Up to 7 items)

           (encoding)    

Long Term Memory: Stores vast amounts of info (30 Sec-lifetime)

Question 3

What are the 2 types of sensory memory?

Answer 3

Iconic memory - brief visual record

Echoic memory - short term retention of sound

Question 4

What is short term (working) memory?

Answer 4

Temporarily stores info in order to solve a problem

Up to 7 items

Keep it long enough to encode it

Question 5

What are the 3 processes of working memory?

Answer 5

1) attending to stimuli
2) store info about stimuli
3) rehearse stored info

Question 6

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 6

People are better at recalling items at beginning/primacy and end/regency of list

Question 7

What are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 7

Implicit Memory-know/recall without consciously remembering it (prior experience/procedural)

Explicit Memory-conscious recall of facts/events (semantic-facts/knowledge)(Episodic-experiences)

Question 8

What are the stages of long term memory?

Answer 8

1) Encoding - take in/process info
2) Consolidation - establishing, solidifying memory
3) Storage - Retention of memory over time
4) Retrieval - Recovery of info stored in memory

Question 9

How are memories stored in long term memory?

Answer 9

1) Hierarchies - organize related info
2) Schemas - mental framework (filter)
3) Network - chain of association

Question 10

Where is the sensory, short term, and long term memory processed?

Answer 10

1) Sensory - various sensory cortexes
2) Short Term - hippocampus and frontal lobes
3) Long Term - cortex and subcortex (retrieved in prefrontal cortex)

Question 11

What is the neural basis of memory?

Answer 11

When a synapse of one neuron fires and excites another neuron there is a permanent change to that neuron
-When synapses fire more often learning becomes easier

Question 12

What is interference?

Answer 12

other info competes with info you’re trying to recall

• retroactive: new info makes you forget old info
• proactive: old info interferes w/ learning new info

Question 13

What type of memory loss results from injury or disease? What are the sub-types?

Answer 13

1) Amnesia: forget due to injury or disease to brain
a) Anterograde amnesia: can’t remember after injury/disease
b) Retrograde amnesia: can’t remember before injury or diasesase

Question 14

What are the levels of processing and probability of recall for the different stages?

Answer 14

Level of Processing

ShallowDeep

Structural ————–> Phonemic ————-> Semantic

Low High

                        Probability of Recall

Question 15

What are the components of the explicit memory cortex?

Answer 15

1) Auditory memory
2) Motor cortex
3) Sensory cortex
4) Prefrontal cortex
5) Hippocampus
6) Visual memory

Question 16

What are the components of the Implicit memory cortex?

Answer 16

1) Striatum
2) Amygdala
3) Cerebellum

Question 17

Are emotional memories easier to remember than actual ones? What is an example of an emotional memory?

Answer 17

Yes, emotional memories are easier to remember than actual ones.
-Flashbulb memories, are sudden, unexpected, and emotional