Chapter 8: Learning

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

an enduring behavior change as a result of experience

Question 2

What is an association?

Answer 2

mechanism of learning. One piece of information is linked repeatedly with another and you begin to connect the two sources of info.

Question 3

What is conditioning?

Answer 3

For of associative learning where a behavior becomes more likely because you think your behavior is associated with certain events

Question 4

What is classical conditioning and who is it associated with?

Answer 4

Neural stimulus becomes associated with stimulus that the learner has natural inborn response for.

Pavlov.

Question 5

What are the components of classical conditioning?

Answer 5

1) Unconditioned Response - automatic inborn response (pre-existing)
2) Unconditioned Stimulus - environmental input that always produces unlearned response (pre-existing)
3) Conditioned Response - behavior learned to perform when presented with conditioned stimulus (UCR always becomes CR)
4) Conditioned Stimulus - neutral stimulus that you learn to associate with unconditioned stimulus (neutral stimulus always becomes CS)

Question 6

What is stimulus generalization vs discrimination?

Answer 6

Stimulus Generalization - Association of Unconditioned Stimuli and Conditioned Stimuli to broad array of similar stimuli

Stimulus Discrimination - Conditioned Response only occurs to exact stimuli

Question 7

What is vicarious conditioning?

Answer 7

See something happen to someone else and internalize it to condition yourself

Question 8

What is extinction?

Answer 8

Response to stimulus dissappears after taking away stimulus

Question 9

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 9

conditioned response comes back randomly after extinction

Question 10

What are the types of things that can be classically conditioned?

Answer 10

1) Reflexes
2) Emotions
3) Body Functions

Question 11

What is a phobia?

Answer 11

Fear as a result of classical conditioning

Question 12

What is Operant conditioning?

Answer 12

Involves a voluntary behavior. Process of modifying a behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

Question 13

What is a reinforcer?

Answer 13

any internal/external event that increases behavior

• Primary reinforcer: solve biological need
• Secondary reinforcer: learned by association

Question 14

What is positive/negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

Positive Reinforcement: stimulus that increases behavior

Negative Reinforcement: removal of stimulus increases behavior

Question 15

What is positive/negative punishment?

Answer 15

Positive Punishment: stimulus that decreases behavior

Negative Punishment: removal of stimulus decrease behavior

Question 16

Punisher vs reinforcer?

Answer 16

Judged by outcome not intention

Question 17

How does operant conditioning work?

Answer 17

Shaping: reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior. Little by little.

Question 18

What is a discriminative stimulus?

Answer 18

stimuli that signals for you to behave a certain way (eg. headache signals for you to take tylenol)

Question 19

What are schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 19

Continuous reinforcement and Intermittent reinforcement

Question 20

What are the types of intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 20

Fixed Ratio Schedule: # of responses for reinforcement stays the same
Variable Ratio Schedule: # of responses for reinforcement varies

Fixed Interval: Reinforcement follows set time
Variable Interval: Time periods for reinforcement vary

Question 21

What is the biological influence on learning?

Answer 21

You will learn something much quicker if it aids you in survival or reproduction

Question 22

What are the types of social learning theory?

Answer 22

1) Enactive learning: learn by doing
2) Observational learning: Learn by watching
3) Modeling: Learn by imitation

Question 23

What kind of learning is displayed in Bandura’s Bobo doll study?

Answer 23

Observational learning

Question 24

What are the criteria for observational learning?

Answer 24

1) Have to pay attention
2) Capable of remembering what you observe
3) Capable of imitating behavior you observe
4) Have the right motivation