Chapter 8: Learning Flashcards
What is learning?
an enduring behavior change as a result of experience
What is an association?
mechanism of learning. One piece of information is linked repeatedly with another and you begin to connect the two sources of info.
What is conditioning?
For of associative learning where a behavior becomes more likely because you think your behavior is associated with certain events
What is classical conditioning and who is it associated with?
Neural stimulus becomes associated with stimulus that the learner has natural inborn response for.
Pavlov.
What are the components of classical conditioning?
1) Unconditioned Response - automatic inborn response (pre-existing)
2) Unconditioned Stimulus - environmental input that always produces unlearned response (pre-existing)
3) Conditioned Response - behavior learned to perform when presented with conditioned stimulus (UCR always becomes CR)
4) Conditioned Stimulus - neutral stimulus that you learn to associate with unconditioned stimulus (neutral stimulus always becomes CS)
What is stimulus generalization vs discrimination?
Stimulus Generalization - Association of Unconditioned Stimuli and Conditioned Stimuli to broad array of similar stimuli
Stimulus Discrimination - Conditioned Response only occurs to exact stimuli
What is vicarious conditioning?
See something happen to someone else and internalize it to condition yourself
What is extinction?
Response to stimulus dissappears after taking away stimulus
What is spontaneous recovery?
conditioned response comes back randomly after extinction
What are the types of things that can be classically conditioned?
1) Reflexes
2) Emotions
3) Body Functions
What is a phobia?
Fear as a result of classical conditioning
What is Operant conditioning?
Involves a voluntary behavior. Process of modifying a behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.
What is a reinforcer?
any internal/external event that increases behavior
- Primary reinforcer: solve biological need
- Secondary reinforcer: learned by association
What is positive/negative reinforcement?
Positive Reinforcement: stimulus that increases behavior
Negative Reinforcement: removal of stimulus increases behavior
What is positive/negative punishment?
Positive Punishment: stimulus that decreases behavior
Negative Punishment: removal of stimulus decrease behavior
Punisher vs reinforcer?
Judged by outcome not intention
How does operant conditioning work?
Shaping: reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior. Little by little.
What is a discriminative stimulus?
stimuli that signals for you to behave a certain way (eg. headache signals for you to take tylenol)
What are schedules of reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement and Intermittent reinforcement
What are the types of intermittent reinforcement?
Fixed Ratio Schedule: # of responses for reinforcement stays the same
Variable Ratio Schedule: # of responses for reinforcement varies
Fixed Interval: Reinforcement follows set time
Variable Interval: Time periods for reinforcement vary
What is the biological influence on learning?
You will learn something much quicker if it aids you in survival or reproduction
What are the types of social learning theory?
1) Enactive learning: learn by doing
2) Observational learning: Learn by watching
3) Modeling: Learn by imitation
What kind of learning is displayed in Bandura’s Bobo doll study?
Observational learning
What are the criteria for observational learning?
1) Have to pay attention
2) Capable of remembering what you observe
3) Capable of imitating behavior you observe
4) Have the right motivation
