test 1 AP biology Flashcards
dehydration synthesis
covalent bond created between monomers by removing H2O that creates a polymer
What is the bond created by carbohydrates called
glycosidic linkage
Hydrolysis
cut bond created by dehydration synthesis by adding water
polysaccharride
macromolecules composed of complex carbohydrates including at least ten monosaccharides joined through glycosidic bonds which can be linear or branched.
starch
gives enegery for us and plants; many glucoses put together with alpha linkages
cellulose
glucoses put together with beta linkages; gives structure to plants cells and provides fiber for us
glycogen
energy storage in liver and muscles; connected with alpha linkages
chitin
arthropod exoskeletons, monomer is glucosamine ; makes up the cell wall in fungi
What are lipids mainly used for
Long term energy and insulation
tryglyceride
connected through dehydration synthesis; 3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol
Phospholipid
glycerol with 2 fatty acid tails with a polar head that likes water and nonpolar tail thast hydrophobic ; because os this structure it automatically forms a bilayer great for the cell membrane because its semi-permeable
Saturated fatty acid
- saturated with hydrogen
- no double bonds between carbons
- Solid at room temperature
ex. Butter
unsaturated fatty acid
- less hydrogen
- carbon carbon double bonds
- liquid at toom temperature
ex. olive oil
what is the bond between amino acids connected through dehydration synthesis called
peptide bond
3 different parts of mino acid
amine group
Carboxyl group
R (rest of molecule)
how to make a peptide bond
carbon of the carboxyl group and nitrogen of the amine group bond and the carboxyl group loses the OH and amine loses H taking H2O out of the molecule bonding them through dehydration synthesis
primary structure of a protein
linear sequence of amino acids determined by DNA
Secondary structure of a protein
hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amine groups holds together a 3D shape with alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
tetiary strutuce proteins
interactions between R groups that leads to a 3D shape
Quaternary structure
interactions between amino acid sequences causes this shape ; only some proteins have this structure ex hemoglobin and collagen
Steroid
4 fused carbon rings derived from cholesterol steroids can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer because they are both nonpolar
Protein functions
transport, structure, hormones, recpetor, movement, catalysis, immunity
ferritin
protein that stockpiles iron
insulin
regulates blood sugar
denaturation
when a protein loses its 3D shape and function ex. fried egg
causes of denaturation
- higher temperature
- ph
- shaking
- salt
Nucelotides of DNA
A- adenine
T- thymine
C- cytosine
G- guanine
Nucelotides of RNA
A- adenine
U- uracil
C- cytosine
G- guanine
nucleotide purines (2 ring structure)
adenine and guanine
nucleotide pyrimidines
thymine cytosine and uracil
difference between purines and pyrimidines
purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines have only one
DNA function
instructions / genetic code
RNA function
carry out instructions from DNA
Sugar - phosphate backbone in DNA vs RNA
DNA - deoxyribose
RNA - ribose
nucelotide pairs in dna and rna
DNA - A-T, G-C
RNA- A-U, G-C
