chapter 17-20 Flashcards
gene flow
transfer of genetic material from one population to another. Can take place between two populations of the same species through migration
genetic drift
Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation.
natural selection
the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with traits or genes that help them survive and reproduce are more likely to survive and pass down the trait or gene.
miller urey experiment
It was an experiement that simulated early earth in order to find out how life started. Miller and Urey designed a closed experiment in a laboratory. They constructed an enclosed glass apparatus with two large boiling flasks connected to each other with glass tubing, in which water could pool, gases could mix, and matter could change phases between liquid and gas.
Spontaneous generation
the coming into existence of living things directly from lifeless matter instead of from other living things.
CHNOPS
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, represents the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on Earth. All of these elements are nonmetals.
Lyell and Hutton Ideas
how did they influence darwin
Geologists who concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same process that operate in the present.
darwin wonered why life cant change over time like geological sturctures
Lamarck
how did they influence darwin
Lamarck thought that organisms could pick which traits were useful to pass down to their offspring and that organisms could change during their lifetime by selectively using parts of their bodies
Lamarack also proposed species are not fixed and can change over time and species change based on their environment and he also proposed evolutionary change that paved the way for Charles Darwin.
Malthus
how did they influence darwin
thought that the earth was overpopulated and that if the population grew unchecked we would all starve and there would not be enough land on earth.
Darwin said that malthus theory can also apply to other organisms because they reproduce at a higher rate than humans. He then asked what individuals survive and why
Darwin
Theory of evolution
visited the Galapagos islands on the HMS beagle and noticing small difference between animals on different islands. They evolved based on where the lived and what traits benefited them most based on their location
how does photosynthesis affect earths atmosphere
Plants use photosynthesis to capture carbon dioxide and then release half of it into the atmosphere through respiration. Plants also release oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Wallace
Wallace line- tree kangaroos close to australia because used to be connected
monkeys closer to asia because used to be connected
Natural slection and insecticide
Selection by an insecticide allows some insects with resistance genes to survive and pass the resistance trait on to their offspring. The proportion of resistant insects in a population continues to increase as the susceptible insects are eliminated by the insecticide.
pre biotic chemistry
the study of how organic compounds formed and self-organized for the origin of life on Earth and elsewhere
macro molecule
any very large molecule, usually with a diameter ranging from about 100 to 10,000 angstroms (10−5 to 10−3 mm)
bio molecule
biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism. They are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out basic biological processes such as reproduction, growth and sustainence.
amino acid
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are the molecules that all living things need to make protei
variation
any difference between the individuals in a species or groups of organisms of any species. mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation, but mechanisms such as sexual reproduction and gene flow contribute to it as well.
adaptation
a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
fitness
an organism’s ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring
selective pressure
an evolutionary force that causes a particular allele to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions.
artificial selection
an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms – for example, by choosing which individuals to save seeds from or breed from one generation to the next.
stabilizing selection
a form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average alleles are more fit
directional selection
a mode of natural selection in which a single allele is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction.
Disruptive selection
describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups.
antibiotic resistance
happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. Antimicrobial resistance is a naturally occurring process.
tree of life
a graphic tool that biologists use to portray evolutionary relationships among plants, animals and all other forms of life.
homologous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions
analagous structures
features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature
Vestigial structures
Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor
