chapter 17-20

Question 1

gene flow

Answer 1

transfer of genetic material from one population to another. Can take place between two populations of the same species through migration

Question 2

genetic drift

Answer 2

Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation.

Question 3

natural selection

Answer 3

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with traits or genes that help them survive and reproduce are more likely to survive and pass down the trait or gene.

Question 4

miller urey experiment

Answer 4

It was an experiement that simulated early earth in order to find out how life started. Miller and Urey designed a closed experiment in a laboratory. They constructed an enclosed glass apparatus with two large boiling flasks connected to each other with glass tubing, in which water could pool, gases could mix, and matter could change phases between liquid and gas.

Question 5

Spontaneous generation

Answer 5

the coming into existence of living things directly from lifeless matter instead of from other living things.

Question 6

CHNOPS

Answer 6

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, represents the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on Earth. All of these elements are nonmetals.

Question 7

Lyell and Hutton Ideas

how did they influence darwin

Answer 7

Geologists who concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same process that operate in the present.

darwin wonered why life cant change over time like geological sturctures

Question 8

Lamarck

how did they influence darwin

Answer 8

Lamarck thought that organisms could pick which traits were useful to pass down to their offspring and that organisms could change during their lifetime by selectively using parts of their bodies

Lamarack also proposed species are not fixed and can change over time and species change based on their environment and he also proposed evolutionary change that paved the way for Charles Darwin.

Question 9

Malthus

how did they influence darwin

Answer 9

thought that the earth was overpopulated and that if the population grew unchecked we would all starve and there would not be enough land on earth.

Darwin said that malthus theory can also apply to other organisms because they reproduce at a higher rate than humans. He then asked what individuals survive and why

Question 10

Darwin

Answer 10

Theory of evolution
visited the Galapagos islands on the HMS beagle and noticing small difference between animals on different islands. They evolved based on where the lived and what traits benefited them most based on their location

Question 11

how does photosynthesis affect earths atmosphere

Answer 11

Plants use photosynthesis to capture carbon dioxide and then release half of it into the atmosphere through respiration. Plants also release oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

Question 12

Wallace

Answer 12

Wallace line- tree kangaroos close to australia because used to be connected
monkeys closer to asia because used to be connected

Question 13

Natural slection and insecticide

Answer 13

Selection by an insecticide allows some insects with resistance genes to survive and pass the resistance trait on to their offspring. The proportion of resistant insects in a population continues to increase as the susceptible insects are eliminated by the insecticide.

Question 14

pre biotic chemistry

Answer 14

the study of how organic compounds formed and self-organized for the origin of life on Earth and elsewhere

Question 15

macro molecule

Answer 15

any very large molecule, usually with a diameter ranging from about 100 to 10,000 angstroms (10−5 to 10−3 mm)

Question 16

bio molecule

Answer 16

biological molecules produced by the cells of the living organism. They are critical for life as it helps organisms to carry out basic biological processes such as reproduction, growth and sustainence.

Question 17

amino acid

Answer 17

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are the molecules that all living things need to make protei

Question 18

variation

Answer 18

any difference between the individuals in a species or groups of organisms of any species. mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation, but mechanisms such as sexual reproduction and gene flow contribute to it as well.

Question 19

adaptation

Answer 19

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

Question 20

fitness

Answer 20

an organism’s ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

Question 21

selective pressure

Answer 21

an evolutionary force that causes a particular allele to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions.

Question 22

artificial selection

Answer 22

an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms – for example, by choosing which individuals to save seeds from or breed from one generation to the next.

Question 23

stabilizing selection

Answer 23

a form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average alleles are more fit

Question 24

directional selection

Answer 24

a mode of natural selection in which a single allele is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction.

Question 25

Disruptive selection

Answer 25

describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups.

Question 26

antibiotic resistance

Answer 26

happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. Antimicrobial resistance is a naturally occurring process.

Question 27

tree of life

Answer 27

a graphic tool that biologists use to portray evolutionary relationships among plants, animals and all other forms of life.

Question 28

homologous structures

Answer 28

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

Question 29

analagous structures

Answer 29

features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature

Question 30

Vestigial structures

Answer 30

Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor