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A&P1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one and another

Can be felt/you don’t have to imagine what they look like

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2
Q

Gross/macroscopic anatomy

A

The study of large Body structures, visible when you get out, such as heart, thanks, and kidneys

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3
Q

Regional anatomy

A

All the structures – muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves and a particular region of the body

such as the abdomen or like, examined at the same time

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4
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Use it to locate appropriate blood vessels to feel for pulses and to draw blood

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5
Q

Systematic anatomy

A

Body structure Listing system a system.

Example – studying the cardiovascular system you exam in the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body

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6
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Too small to be seen with the naked eye – slices a body tissues are staying in mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope

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7
Q

Cytology

A

Cells of the body

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8
Q

Histology

A

Study of the tissues

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9
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

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10
Q

Embryology

A

A subdivision Add developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

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11
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Study structural changes caused by disease

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12
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images for specialized scanning procedures

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13
Q

Physiology

A

Function of the body another words how the body parts work together to carry out life sustaining activities explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy. Explains electrical currents, blood pressure and the way muscles bones to carry body movements among other things

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14
Q

Renal physiology

A

Concerns can you function and urine production

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15
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Explains the workings of the nervous system

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16
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the order of the levels of structural organization

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system, organismal level

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18
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • hair skin nails
  • forms external covering of the body, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesis vitamin D, and housed cutaneous (pain,pressure,etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands
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19
Q

Skeletal system

A
  • bones and joints
  • Protects and supports body organs, and provide a framework muscles can use to cause movement. What cells are formed within the bounds.
  • bones store minerals
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20
Q

Muscular system

A
  • skeletal muscle

- Allows manipulation of environment, look motion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and provides body heat

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21
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • Red bone marrow, kindness, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
  • Picks up Flooring Reed from blood vessels and returns into the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. House is white blood cells – lymphocytes – involved and immunity. The immune response mouthy attract against foreign substances within the body
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22
Q

Respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx,larynx, trachea,Kung, bronchus

Keeps blood consistently supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur throughout the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

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23
Q

Digestive system

A
  • oral cavity, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
  • breaks down food into absorbable units to enter the blood for distribution to the body cells, indigestible foods are eliminated as fever.
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24
Q

Nervous system

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves
  • as the fast acting control system of the body, in response to internal and Internal changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
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25
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pineal gland ,thyroid plan, thyroid gland, tiredness, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

Is that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, nutrient use(metabolism) by the body cells

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26
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels

When does his transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, your dreams, faith. The heart pumps blood

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27
Q

Reproductive male

A

Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

Testis/ produce sperm and male sex hormone
Ductus deferens- aid in the delivery of the sperm

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28
Q

Reproductive female

A

Mammary glands in breast (produce milk to nourish newborn)

Ovary- produce eggs and female sec hormone

Uterus, vagina, uterine tubes- serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

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29
Q

What are the eight functions necessary for life

A

Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness/excitability, digestion, metabolism, description, reproduction, growth

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30
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Major energy fuel for the body cells

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31
Q

Proteins/ fats

A

Essential for building cells

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32
Q

Fats

A

also provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel

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33
Q

How much of the body does water account for

A

65% -normal
45%-obese
75% –infants

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34
Q

What is normal body temperature

A

98.6 F

37C

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35
Q

Atmosphere pressure

A

Of course the air exerts on the surface of the body breathing and gas exchange in a long spend on atmospheric pressure

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36
Q

What is normal atmospheric pressure

A

1 atm

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37
Q

How are humans different from amoeba?

A

Humans are multicellular and Amobea are single cellular

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38
Q

What are specific to humans

A

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

Lower atmosphere of pressure

A

Higher altitude’s – cares then, gas exchange of maybe an adequate to support cellular metabolism

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40
Q

What is the meaning of homeostasis?

A

Debility to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside changes continuously. The term does not mean I’m changing brother indicates dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance – conditions may vary but always with in relatively narrow limits

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41
Q

Negative feedback mechanism

A

The output shut up original affect the stimulus or reduces its intensity the mechanisms caused the variable change the direction opposite that the initial change returning to his ideal value

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42
Q

Body temperature regulation

A
  • Control center – brain
  • receptors- temperature sensitive cells in the brain
  • effector – sweat gland
  • When body temperature rises, the receptors tell the control center and the control center tells the sweat glands to activate evaporation of sweat and body temperature falls-stimulus ends
  • when body temperature falls receptor is activated and tells the control center, the control center (the effector) and the body is signaled to shiver which in turn brings the body temperature down- stimulus ends
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43
Q

What is positive that mechanism? Give an example

A

Response so that the response – results proceed in the same direction of initial stimulus causing it to further from his original value.

Labor, blood clotting

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44
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

So important That most diseases can be a result of its disturbance. As we age our bodies control systems become less and less efficient in our internal alarm it becomes less stable. He’s a month increase our risk her illness and produce the changes we associate with aging

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45
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass. With some exceptions it can be smelled and felt

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46
Q

What are the different states of matter? And give an example

A
  • Solid-bones and teeth/Definite shape and volume
  • Liquid – blood plasma have a definite volume but not shape.
  • Gas – neither definite shape or volume and we breathe
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47
Q

Elements

A

Make up all matter-unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. Among the known elements are oxygen, carbon, gold, silver, copper,iron

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48
Q

What is the purest form of matter?

A

Elements

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49
Q

Atoms

A

Smalls – identical particles or building blocks that form together to form an element

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50
Q

One of the most abundant elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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51
Q

C

A

Carbon atomic number=6

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52
Q

H

A

Hydrogen-atonic #1

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53
Q

O

A

Oxygen-atomic #8

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54
Q

N

A

Nitrogen atomic # 7

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55
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in action

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56
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy that is an active energy that has the potential or capability to do work but it’s not. When potential energy is released it becomes kinetic energy

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57
Q

What are the forms of energy

A

Chemical energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy, radiant energy/electromagnetic radiation

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58
Q

What are the four most common elements of the human body?

A

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen Dash make up about 96% of living matter. 20 others are present in the body, some interest amounts.

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59
Q

Nucleus

A

Central unit containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together. Surrounded by orbiting electrons

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60
Q

Protons

A

P+ positive electrical charge

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61
Q

Neutrons

A

N0Are neutral so that the nucleus is possibly charged overall

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62
Q

Electrons

A

e-Very negative charge for and strength to the positive charge for proton.

Electron only has about 1/2000 the mass of a proton

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63
Q

What are isotopes and what are they used for in medicine?

A

And isotope is a different kind of atom of the same element where the number of neutrons in the nucleus varies, sometimes radioactive

Used in x-rays and medical tests using radioisotopes to drink so that different things show up on the scans.

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64
Q

what is the number of electrons required to fill the first three shells?

A

shell 1= 2 electrons
shell 2=8 electrons
shell 3=8 electrons

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65
Q

what is the outer most shell called?

A

valance shell

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66
Q

How can you predict whether electrons will be lost, gained, or shared in a chemical reaction?

A

looking at the outermost shell. if there are less than 8 more than likely you will gain and if there are more than 8 you are more than like to loose.

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67
Q

octet rule

A

rule f eight- except for shell 1 which is full when it has 2 electrons. atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have 8 electrons in their valance shell

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68
Q

will atomic weight or mass change?

A

weight

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69
Q

ion

A

when an atom is transferred from one atom to another when this happens, the precise balance of the + and - charge is lost so that charged particles called ions are formed.

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70
Q

cation

A

the atom that loses one or more atoms, it requires a net positive charge

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71
Q

anion

A

the atom that gains one or more atoms, it acquires a negative charge

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72
Q

Ionic bond

A

chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electron from one atom to another.

Because opposite changes attract these ions tend to stay close together resulting in a bond.

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73
Q

How strong is an ionic bond?

A

easily broken “hookup”

example: table salt- can be broken up in a grinder or dissolves and separates in water.

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74
Q

what happens in an ionic bond?

A

Transfer of an electron

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75
Q

electron acceptor

A

atom that gains one or more electrons. it acquires a negative charge and is called an anion

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76
Q

electron donor

A

the atom that loses one or more atoms, it acquires a net positive charge is called a cation

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77
Q

covalent bonds

A

electrons do not have to be completely transferred for atoms to achieve stability. instead they may be shared so that each atom is able to fill their utter shell atlas part of the time.

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78
Q

are covalent bonds strong?

A

yes strong and flexible “marriage”

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79
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

equal sharing- the shared electrons shared euqually between the atoms of the molecule for the most part are electrically balanced

CO2

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80
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing- molecules shape helps to determine what other molecules or atoms it can interact with. it may also result in unequal electron sharing.

H2O

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81
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

has to have hydrogen- more like attractions rather than true bonds.

form when a hydrogen atom, already linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen) is attached by another electron-hungry atom, so that a bridge forms between them.

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82
Q

where are hydrogen bonds common?

A

dipoles such as a water molecule

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83
Q

intramolecular bonds

A

hold different pars of single large molecule in specific three- dimensional shape.

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84
Q

are hydrogen bonds strong?

A

No- “singer couple”

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85
Q

compound

A

made up of two or more elements

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86
Q

inorganic compound

A

do not contain carbon

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87
Q

what is the one exception for an inorganic compound?

A

CO2

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88
Q

organic compound

A

contain carbon, usually are large covalently bonded

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89
Q

molecule

A

are made up of two or more atoms

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90
Q

water is formed by what kind of bond between hydrogen and oxygen?

A

hydrogen bond

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91
Q

why is water a good solvent?

A

water dissolves almost everything.

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92
Q

what are the four major types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis
decomposition
exchange
reversible

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93
Q

synthesis

A

A+B-AB

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94
Q

decomposition

A

AB-A+B

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95
Q

exchange

A

AB+CD-AD+CB

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96
Q

reversible

A

A+B-AB and AB-B+A

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97
Q

Acids

A

hydrogen ions H-

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98
Q

Basis

A

Hydroxide ions OH+

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99
Q

Salts

A

ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than hydroxyl ions (OH-)

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100
Q

electrolyte

A

substances that conduct electrical current in solution, all the acids and bases have them. (conductive)

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101
Q

PH scale

A

moving up in a positive-negative 10-fold

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102
Q

what is bloods normal PH?

A

7.5

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103
Q

Alkalosis

A

more basic lower than 7.4

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104
Q

Acidosis

A

more acidic above 7.4

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105
Q

what is an example of alkalosis?

A

Panic attatch

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106
Q

what is an example of acidosis

A

cannot breathe therefore co2 and does not exchange

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107
Q

What are the four major categories of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids

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108
Q

Lipid structure

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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109
Q

Protein structure

A

carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus

110
Q

what are the three categories of carbohydrates?

A

Monoccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharides

111
Q

monosaccaride

A

glucose
3 carbon- triode- cellular respiration
5 carbon- pentose- important for DNA

112
Q

Disaccharide

A

Lactose/ Sucrose

6 carbon sugars linked by covalent bond crated by a dehydration synthesis reaction.

113
Q

Glucose+ Fructose

A

Sucrose-table sugar

114
Q

Glucose+Glactose

A

Lactose (milk)

115
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrates

consists of many sugar subunits linked by covalent bonds created by dehydration synthesis

116
Q

Cellulose

A

most abundant carbohydrate in the world- structural support in plants which provide dietary fiber in animals

117
Q

Starch

A

Plants- storage of energy

118
Q

Glycogen

A

animals- storage of energy

119
Q

What do polymers start off as before it becomes a chain?

A

monomer

120
Q

Monomer of a carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides

121
Q

monomer of nucleonic acids

A

nucleotides

122
Q

monomer of protein

A

Amino Acids

123
Q

monomer of lipids

A

Fatty Acids

124
Q

what are three different categories of lipids discussed in class?

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, steroids

125
Q

what are lipids?

A

a group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water

126
Q

what atoms are found in lipids

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and in many cases phosphorus

127
Q

Triglycerides

A

energy source, insulation, protection and may be used to make cholesterol

128
Q

saturated fatty acid-

A

linked carbon- carbon bonds where hydrogen fills the remaining bonds

129
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds between carbon so that hydrogen cannot fill all remaining bonds

130
Q

what is the healthier of saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

unsaturated fat

131
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

are oils which the body can benefit from especially monounsaturated fats- olive oil, canola oil- protection of heart and brain

132
Q

saturated fat

A

solid fat which in the body in excess can cause obesity- butter/ lard

133
Q

phospholipid

A

1 glycerol+2 fatty acids + phosphate group

Phosphate makes it hydrophilic
Fatty acid part remains hydrophobic

134
Q

what is the benefit of phospholipids having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics?

A

perfect for the phospholipid bilayer for the cell membrane

135
Q

Steroids

A

consists of four carbon rings modified with various functional groups.

136
Q

what steroid is most important in our bodies?

A

cholesterol

137
Q

cholesterol

A

is important for cell membrane structure and is it used to synthesize sex hormones and vitamins

138
Q

Eicosanoids

A

signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids.

139
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

140
Q

what atoms are found in proteins?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, an in many cases, sulfur

141
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

structural support, enzymes, energy source, chemical messengers, receptors, antibodies, transporters, hormones, contraction

142
Q

what is the structure of peptide bond?

A

complex organic chemicals formed by peptide bonds between amino acids by dehydration synthesis

143
Q

What are the four structures of protein?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

144
Q

Primary Protein structure

A

linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

50-1000 amino acids there are mort than 200,000,000 in your body

145
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Alpha relics (ribbon) or bata plates sheets (folded pieces of paper)

hydrogen bonds form between amino acids other regions of the chain to form coils or pleated sheets

146
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

getting its 3d structure and be assigned its job based on shape

Hydrogen and covalent bonds between amino acids further apart in the chain causes peptide to have a 3d shape or conformation

147
Q

why is the 3d shape important in proteins?

A

shape determines function threadlike vs. globulin

shape is also susceptible to denaturation from hear, radiation, ph changes, chemicals

148
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

can be denatured (unfolded due to radiation temp, ph changes, can cause denaturing

multiple polypeptide chains

149
Q

what is an example of something that can denature proteins?

A

chemotherapy

150
Q

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

151
Q

what do nucleotides consist of?

A

A nitrogenous base attached to a pentose sugar attached to a phosphate

152
Q

what are the function of nucleic acids?

A

carry instructions for controlling cellular activities and also carries energy

153
Q

what atoms are found in nucleic acids?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and in many cases phosphorus

154
Q

how are nucleic acids formed

A

from phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides with dehydration synthesis

155
Q

what are three different types types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

156
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid- consists of nucleotides with deoxyribose sugar subunits

157
Q

RDA

A

Ribonucleic acid- consists of nucleotides with ribose sugar subunits

158
Q

ATP

A

Adenine Triphosphate

159
Q

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA

A

DNA has a double strand -sugar with no oxygen an replicates itself. RNA single strand and has oxygen

160
Q

How many songs are in the body?

A

75 trillion

161
Q

What is the small cell in the human body

A

Red blood cell -7.5 micrometers

162
Q

What is the largest sell in the human body?

A

Human ovum cell – 140 micrometers-barely visible to the eye

163
Q

What is the longest sell in the human body?

A

Smooth muscle-20-500 micrometers long- very thin

164
Q

Phospholipid bylayer

A

Is very flexible and some white elastic fluid like nature that makes up the cell membrane

165
Q

Embedded proteins

A

Mosaic like floating raft in the sea

166
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Receive and transmit messages into a cell

167
Q

Integral protein

A

Form pours, channels and carries in cell membrane and converts signals

168
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalase chemical reactions

169
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules

A

Enable sales to stick to each other

170
Q

Cell surface proteins

A

Glycocalyx- name tags

171
Q

What are the cellular junctions?

A

Tight junctions, Desmosomes, gap junctions

172
Q

Tight junctions

A

A specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes such that the space usually line between them is absent like a Ziploc

173
Q

Desmosomes

A

Molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins To intercellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments.-Zipper – distributing tension

174
Q

Gap junctions

A

A specialized intracellular connection between a multitude of animal cells. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly passed through a regular gate between cells – like windows and doors between rooms

175
Q

Where are tight junctions found

A

And that epithelia cells that line the digestive track – keeping digestive enzymes in micro organisms in the intestine from seeping into the bloodstream for example you don’t want protein or sugar in your urine

176
Q

Where are Desmosomes found

A

Found in heart muscle and skin

177
Q

Where are gap junctions found

A

Found in excitable cells – like the heart and smooth muscles where I am Kim Hass to synchronize their electrical activity and connection

178
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores, protects and repairs DNA, DNA replication takes place here

179
Q

What are centrioles

A

Help the mitotic spindle in cell division. Also form the basis of Celia and flagella for movement of DNA during mitosis

180
Q

What is RNA made from

A

DNA template

181
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cellular respiration – release energy from blood molecules and convert the energy into usable form

182
Q

Does the mitochondrion contain DNA?

A

Yes it contains some DNA/RNA code necessary for its own function

183
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes – place for protein synthesis

184
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats, breaks down drugs

185
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages and modifies protein molecules for transport and secretion

186
Q

Vesicle

A

Contain substances that recently entered the cell

-store and transport newly synthesized molecules

187
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes capable of digesting worn cellular parts or substances that enter the cell

188
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain enzymes Peroxidases important in the breakdown of many organic molecules

189
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The flexible plasma membrane separates two of the bodies major fluid compartments intracellular fluid with the cells in the extracellular fluid outside the cells

190
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement without using energy – high to low concentration

191
Q

What are the three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion, osmosis, filtration

192
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of substances ion/large molecules across the membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration with the help of ATP(energy)

193
Q

What are the types of active transport

A

Primary active transport, secondary active transport, vesicles transport

194
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movies over substance from high to low concentration across a membrane – as long as the membrane is permeable to the substance

195
Q

What’s an example of simple diffusion

A

Lipid soluble solutions

196
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement Of substance from our area of low concentration to an area of high concentration through a protein channel

Occurs for ions trying to get through the hydrophobic region of the cell membrane – needs a hydrophilic protein channel

197
Q

What’s an example of facilitated diffusion

A

Lipid insoluble solutions such as sugar/amino acids

198
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane into an area where the solute cannot cross the membrane – area of high osmotic pressure

199
Q

Where does osmosis take place in the body

A

In red blood cells

200
Q

Filtration

A

Is our forced through membranes usually to separate larger molecules

201
Q

Where would you see filtration in the human body

A

Blood pressure usually forces liquid and small solutes through the blood vessel membrane into the kidney nephron separating the fluid from the larger cells and proteins – you shouldn’t have protein and red blood cells in your urine

202
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Solution that has a lower solute concentration then inside the cell

In the case of a red blood cell the cell would blow up

203
Q

Hemolysis

A

Hypotonic red blood cell – blows up

204
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution with higher salt/solute concentrationThen inside the cell.

Water will rush out of the cell to try and balance it out

Causing crenation

205
Q

Crenation

A

Shrinking of the red blood cell

206
Q

Isotonic solution

A

When the solution is completely equal to the Cell all is balanced

207
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances ions/large molecules across a membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration with the help of ATP

208
Q

Primary active transport

A

The entry is diverted directly from the breakdown of ATP

209
Q

What is an example of primary active transport

A

Calcium and Nitrogen pumps the most studied pump located in the plasma membrane but especially active and excitable cells such as you’re nervous and muscle cells

Na+ and k+ pumps

210
Q

Secondary active transport

A

The energy is derived secondarily from the energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration

Differences between the two sides of the membrane

211
Q

What does secondary active transport depend on

A

The ion gradient that was created by the primary active transport and the energy stored ingredients as used in directly to drive transport of other solutes

212
Q

Vascular transport

A

The movement of molecules between locations inside the cell

213
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport into the cell

214
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Eating into the cell

215
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Drinking water getting into the cell

216
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Medical transport via receptor mediated endocytosis – entry of large molecules into the cell through binding of a legend to a receptor on the cell possible legends include enzymes, low density lipoprotein’s, iron, insulin, and unfortunately viruses

217
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of the cell

218
Q

What is an example of exocytosis

A

Proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus

219
Q

What are the phases of interphase

A

G1,G2, S phase

220
Q

G1

A

Cell increases in size

221
Q

G2

A

Organelles duplicate

222
Q

S phase

A

DNA is duplicated

223
Q

What are the phases of the mitotic phase

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

224
Q

Where is the checkpoint during the cell cycle

A

Between interphase in the mitotic phase

225
Q

What are the possible outcomes of the checkpoint between interphase and mitotic phase

A
  • nothing
  • continue cell cycle and divide
  • die
226
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell dies

227
Q

What are the five mitotic phases

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

228
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus and somatic cells – non-sexual

Must be very precise said that new cell receives a complete copy of genetic information therefore many steps are needed

229
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis/meiosis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

230
Q

Is there any content and cytoplasmic material divided equally by mitosis?

A

Do you need content as always divide it equally and cytoplasmic material is very similar in both sells

231
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible

centrioles start to move to the opposite side

nucleus disappears

microtubules from near Centrosomes

Microtubule formation continues creating final fibers between the centrioles and the chromosomes at the kinetic core

Nuclear membrane dissolves

232
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes move along the spindle fibers and align himself midway between the centrioles

233
Q

Anaphase

A

Kinetic cores attached to the spindle fibers causing the chromosomes to separate.

The spindle fiber shorten and pour the new individual chromosomes towards the centrioles

234
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes in long gate at each pole of the cell and return to the chromatids state.

Nuclear envelope forms.

Microtubules disassemble

Cleavage Furrow forms

235
Q

Gene

A

One of the biological units of hereditary located in the DNA, transmits hereditary information

236
Q

Gnome

A

A complete set of chromosomes delivered from one parent or two sets of chromosomes. Example one set from the egg and one from the sperm cell – the diploid genome

237
Q

Codon

A

For each triplet or three base sequence of DNA the corresponding three base sequence on mRNA

Triplet- TAC Codon-ATG

238
Q

Anticodon

A

83 basic ones which binds to the mRNA codon calling for the amino acid and carried by that particular tRNA

239
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A

20,000 genes and a set of 23 chromosomes

240
Q

What is needed for DNA replication?

A
  1. A bubble fork
  2. And RNA primer
  3. Enzymes
  4. Telomere
241
Q

What enzymes are needed for DNA replication?

A

Helicase, DNA polymerase, Ligase

242
Q

What are the steps for DNA replication?

A

uncoiling
separation
assembly
restoration

243
Q

What happens during the ongoing phase of DNA replication

A

Enzymes and wind the DNA molecule, forming a replication bubble

244
Q

What happens during the separation phase of DNA replication?

A

The two DNA strand separate as the hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken to the point at which strains and it is known as the replication fork

245
Q

What happens during the assembly phase of DNA replication?

A

With the old parental strands acting as templates the enzyme DNA polymerase positions Completely free nucleotides along the template strand, called leading and lagging strand are synthesized into opposite directions. Two new daughter DNA molecules result from one parental DNA molecule cents each new molecule consists of one old and one new nucleotide strand the mechanism is known as semi conservative replication

246
Q

What happens during the restoration phase of DNA replication

A

Ligase enzymes splice short segments of the DNA together restoring the double helix nature

247
Q

When does DNA replication take place

A

During interphase during the S phase replication begins the DNA must be replicated before the second divine

248
Q

What does the latter like structure tell us about DNA

A

The rails represent the sugar and phosphate backbone of two strands.

The rungs represent paired nitrogenous bases

249
Q

How did the wrongs of the DNA stick together

A

Face complementation – the pairing that occurs between the chargers bases are hydrogen bonds

250
Q

What are the types of bases in DNA

A

Purines- two carbon

Pyrimidines- one carbon

251
Q

Purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

252
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine

Cytosine

253
Q

What nucleotides bond together?

A

Adenine-Thymine

Guanine-cytosine

254
Q

Is it easy to break hydrogen bonding?

A

Yes

255
Q

Genetic Theory

A

Cessation Of mitosis and Cell Agent program in the genes

256
Q

Telomeres

A

May determine the number of times I still can’t divide

Found a germ cells – absent an adult cells

found and cancerous cells

257
Q

Telomerase

A

Lengthens telomeres

258
Q

What is the central dogma

A

Describe the two-step process, transcription and translation by which the information in genes flows into proteins

DNA-RNA-Protein

259
Q

How do you use this this modification to central dogma to achieve a protein

A

Triplet-codon-anticodon- amino acid

260
Q

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

261
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying DNA information

-triplets into RNA sequence containing codons. This occurs in the nucleus of the cell

262
Q

What are the three phases of transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

263
Q

Initiation-Transcription

A

The first phase of transcription – RNA polymerase separate DNA strands

264
Q

Elongation-Transcription

A

Second phase of transcription – RNA polymerase as complementary nucleotides

265
Q

Termination-Transcription

A

Third step of transcription – termination signal in DNA is recognized by RNA for the polymerase to stop adding nucleotides

266
Q

Translation

A

Converting am RNA to protein – must follow the central dogma

267
Q

What are the three phases of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation , termination

268
Q

Initiation of translation

A

Phase 1 Dash ribosome binds to the mRNA

269
Q

Elongation of translation

A

Brabazon recognize his codon and pears a coat on to the mRNA with anti-codon on a tRNA that has amino acid on the other end.

Peptide bond synthesis occurs between amino acid as the ribosome which recruits tRNA and peptide bond to from between the amino acids

This repeat until the end of the mRNA. The moving of Rabe zone during location is Cell translocation

270
Q

Termination of translation

A

When I stop codon and the mRNA is recognized by the ribosome transcription ends and protein is released

271
Q

How is rough endoplasmic reticulum involved in protein synthesis

A

Makes protein and ribosomes, protein synthesis happens in the rough ER

A&P1 (5 decks)

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