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A&P1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

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2
Q

What are the Cara sticks of skeletal tissue

A

Long cylindrical, multi nucleated, with striations

– voluntary movement in skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What are the Cara sticks of cardiac Tissue

A

Branching uni-nucleate or bi-nucleate cells with striations

– involuntary movement in the heart muscle

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4
Q

What is the Cara sticks of smooth tissue

A

Spindle-shaped uni-nucleate Cell with no striations

– involuntary movement of the muscle and hollow organs

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5
Q

What are the three types of muscle coverings?

A

Facia
Tendons
Aponeuroses

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6
Q

Fascia

A

Fibrous connective tissue that extends into tendons for attachment

  • connective tissue located under the facia
  • support cells and reinforce the whole muscle
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7
Q

What are the three types of facia

A

Epimysium, Perimysium, endomysium

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8
Q

Epimysium

A

Dance irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle, may blend with the facia

– outer most covering

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9
Q

Perimysium

A

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles – groups of muscle fibers

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10
Q

Endomysium

A

Find Arial or connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Fibrous bands that connects muscle to muscle or bone to muscle

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12
Q

Aponeuroses

A

A flat sheet of connective tissue found on the back of the skull on the abdomen, to attach other muscles

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13
Q

Muscle

A

Consists of fascicles

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14
Q

Fascicle

A

Discrete number of muscle fibers wrapped in the Endomysium

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15
Q

What will you find if you remove the Fascia, epimysium, and the perimysium?

A

Exposes muscle

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16
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane

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17
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Myofibrils

A

Fibers within the sarcoplasm that are used for contraction

  • 80% of the cell volume
  • Responsible for the striation pattern in muscle fibers
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19
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contraction units within the microfibril

-Like train cars linked

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20
Q

ABand

A

Thick and is myosin

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21
Q

I band

A

Thin and is actin

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22
Q

Muscle contraction inhibitors

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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23
Q

What do you do inhibitors do at the myosin head

A

Tropin and tropomyosin block the binding site for the myosin head

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24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Membrane channels that surround the myofibrils and contain calcium ions

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25
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Continuous with the sarcolemma
-has pours to bring in extra cellular fluid
– used to conduct nerve signals

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26
Q

Triad

A

Forms at the regions of overlap in the sarcomere region of the Myofibrils where the T tubules is sandwiched between two regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

– serve in a muscle contraction

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27
Q

What stimulates a muscle

A

Muscle contractions begin with the neuromuscular junction

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28
Q

What is the process of a muscle contraction?

A
  1. Stimulus brought to the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction.
  2. Motor neuron forms a synapse with the muscle fiber.
  3. Motor neuron releases acetylcholine into this in synaptic cleft.
  4. Muscle fiber binds acetylcholine, muscle membrane becomes more permeable to sodium creating action potential
  5. Electrical impulse triggers the release of calcium stored in his Sarco plasmic reticulum
  6. Calcium binds to inhibitors (troponin and tropomyosin)To release them selves from actin filament exposing the binding site for the myosin head.
  7. Sodium potassium restores that I am balance by pumping out the excess sodium and potassium
  8. ATP binds to the myosin head and stops the contractions.
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29
Q

What is the sequence of events that occurs when a muscle is stimulated and contracts?

A

An exposed binding site on actin molecules form activation by Neuromuscular junction-allows the muscle contraction cycle to occur

1– myosin head bands to Acton, forming the cross page with Acton
2 – ADP Is released from myosin and cross bridge pool then filament towards the center of the sarcomere- shortens the muscle

3-ATP binds to myosin breaking the cross bridge

4-ATP is hydrolyzed in myosin head to allow for the proper placement for cross bridge formation upon stimulation.

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30
Q

Why is ATP hydrolysis so important?

A

To prevent permanent contraction which would prevent Rigor Morris

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31
Q

What is Rigor Mortis?

A

-3-4 Hours after death muscles begin to stiffen with maximum rigidity at 12 hours post Mortem

Dying cells take in calcium to form the cross bridge formation no ATP is being generated to break those cross bridges.

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32
Q

What is used for energy by the muscles?

A

ATP, Creatine phosphate, glycogen(Aerobic and anaerobic), Myoglobin

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33
Q

ATP

A

-Only good for a brief contraction -aerobic

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34
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

-Most abundant – 4/5times more abundant

– more than 10 seconds

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35
Q

Glycogen- aerobic

A

-Used an aerobic cellular respiration and mitochondria

– requires oxygen, muscle stores glycogen, adequate for moderate activity

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36
Q

Glycogen anaerobic

A

Without oxygen – glucose is converted to lactic acid, the lactic acid buildup because of lack of oxygen – running on a treadmill.

Needed during strenuous exercise to maintain muscle contraction.

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37
Q

Myoglobin

A

A pigment that can store oxygen in the muscles to be used for aerobic cellular respiration

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38
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

I condition resulting from my muscle and losing its ability to contract after a prolonged period of exercise

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39
Q

What are possible causes of muscle fatigue

A

IPAD

  • Iron and balances across the sarcolemma
  • psychologic loss
  • accumulation of lactic acid
  • decreased blood flow
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40
Q

What is a muscle cramp – spasm

A

Uncontrolled contraction in the muscle usually caused by exercise while dehydrated or low levels of electrolytes like potassium and calcium

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41
Q

What is muscle soreness?

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness is caused by micro tearing in the muscle which results in inflammation

  • micro tearing may be the result of excess tension on the muscle
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42
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers and supplies

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43
Q

What does the size of the motor unit say about its control?

A

The smaller the number – the finer the control

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44
Q

How do motor units in the muscle usually contract

A

Asynchronously- Helps prevent fatigue

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45
Q

Motor units bring the stimulus that signals two different types of contractions what are these types of contractions?

A

Isotonic contraction and isometric contraction

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46
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle contraction needed to move a load requires Acting filaments to move in the sarcomere

-Muscle shortens

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47
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle contraction in response to increase tension without moving a load will create cross bridge in sarcomere

Muscle does not shorten

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48
Q

Muscle twitch

A

Symbolist contraction – consist of a period of contraction and a period of relaxation and a single muscle fiber

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49
Q

What are the three phases of a muscle twitch

A

Latent phase, period contraction,Period of relaxation

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50
Q

Latent period

A

Events of excitation- Contraction coupling – no muscle tension – walking in to a surprise party not knowing what you’re walking into you are relaxed

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51
Q

Period of contraction

A

Cross bridge formation, tension increases

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52
Q

Period of relaxation

A

Calcium ions re-enter into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, tensions declined to zero

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53
Q

What is the all or none rule

A

States that when a muscle fiber is brought to a threshold under a given set of conditions it will contract completely within each stimulus and generate equal force

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54
Q

Is the other one rule real in the real world

A

No

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55
Q

What are the two requirements for sustained contraction

A

Summation and recruitment

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56
Q

What do you sustain contractions allow for

A

Allow for normal activity

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57
Q

Summation

A

The frequency of stimulation of an individual muscle fiber within the muscle

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58
Q

Recruitment

A

The strength of stimulation to recruit muscle fibers for contraction for the entire muscle

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59
Q

Tetany

A

A low stimulation frequency, there are periods of relaxation

Only use muscle fibers that you have already activated

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60
Q

Treppe

A

You are active anymore and more muscle fibers

-high stimulation frequency

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61
Q

What are the two results of summation

A

Unfused Tetany and complete tetany

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62
Q

Unfused tetany

A

Partial relaxation between contractions due to a lesser frequency of stimulation – muscles shaking

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63
Q

Complete Tetany

A

Muscle sustained contraction at maximum intentions with increased frequency of stimulation no relaxation – smooth muscle movement of contraction is staying too long muscle world fatigue and Loose ability contact to Contract

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64
Q

Muscle tone

A

Consistent, slightly contracted state of all muscles Dash due to spinal reflexes

Groups of motor units are alternately activated in response to input from stretch receptors and muscles

Keeps muscles firm healthy and ready to respond

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65
Q

What are the four main injection muscles

A

Deltoid, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus

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66
Q

Convulsion

A

Uncontrolled muscle contraction and relaxation throughout the body causing the body to shake

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67
Q

Fibrillation

A

Irregular muscle contraction, localized to either skeletal or cardiac muscle

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68
Q

Myalgia

A

Muscle pain

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69
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Deterioration of the skeletal muscle tissue.

Causes are inherited gene mutations, autoimmune conditions.

Most diseases of this type have unknown causes.

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70
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Are you immune disease where the body attacks acetylcholine receptor’s causing muscle weakness and fatigue

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71
Q

Myoma

A

Tumor for Maisch and in the muscle tissue

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72
Q

Origin

A

end of a skeletal muscle fastened to a relatively immovable or fixed part on one side of the joint

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73
Q

Insertion

A

The end that is connected to a movable part on the other side of the joint

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74
Q

Do muscles pull or push

A

Muscles can only pull never push

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75
Q

Agonist

A

A muscle that causes movement – deltoid is an agonist for abduction of the arm

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76
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that works with another muscle to perform the same movement – superaspinatus a muscle that originates on the scapula helps with the abduction of the arm

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77
Q

Prime mover

A

And agonist that does most of the work in a synergistic relationship – a deltoid has a major road compared to the supraspinatus in abduction of the arm

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78
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles working to opposite a movement Dash antagonist to abduction of the arm would be the teres major and the latissimus dorsi

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79
Q

Basic principles of the lever system

A

Effort further than the load from fulcrum=lever operates at mechanical advantage

Effort nearer than load to fulcrum=lever operates at mechanical disadvantage

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80
Q

What are the three components of a lever system

A

Lever, effort, load

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81
Q

Lever

A

Richard bar – bone that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum – joint

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82
Q

Effort

A

Force supplied by muscle contraction applied to lever to move the resistance or load

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83
Q

Load

A

Resistance Dash bone, tissue, any added weight moved by the effort

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84
Q

First class lever system

A

Provide a way for the body to change the direction, speak, and strength of a movement in a joint – all first class levers reverse the direction of movement like a seesaw so that they applying for us in One Direction results and I’ll load moving on the opposite direction

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85
Q

Give an example of a first class lever system in the body name the load, effort, fulcrum

A

Raising your head off your chest

  • fulcrum – a submittal joint
  • load – facial skeleton
  • effort – posterior neck muscles
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86
Q

Second class lever

A

A type of lever in the human body one example is Achilles tendon, pulling access of the heel of the foot.

Effort – exerted by the calf muscles pulling up word on the heel.
Fulcrum- ball of the foot
load – weight of the body

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87
Q

Third class lever system

A

Effort applied between the full gram and the load – tweezers, forceps – most skeletal muscles

88
Q

Give an example of a third class lever

A

Flexing the form by the biceps brachii muscle

Effort – exerted proximal radius of the forearm
Fulcrum – the elbow joint
Load – is the hand and the distal end of the forearm.

89
Q

How many muscles are there In the human body?

A

Greater than 600 named in the body

90
Q

What are the seven criteria used for naming the muscles

A 
Location
shape
size
direction of muscle fibers
number of origins
location of attachments
muscle action
91
Q

Give an example of when you come bind several criteria of muscle to name a muscle

A

Extender carpi radius longus

92
Q

Rectus

A

Fibers run straight

93
Q

Transverses

A

I was running a right angle

94
Q

Oblique

A

Fibers run at angles to imaginary defined access

95
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

The nervous system is designed to gain input from the X ternal and internal environment, integrate this information, and then respond to it.

96
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

97
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Spinal cord and brain

98
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

The Efferent and Afferent peripheral nervous system

99
Q

Efferent Peripheral nervous system

A

Uses efferent motor neurons to convey info from the CNS to the muscles and glands

100
Q

Afferent Peripheral nervous system

A

Uses sensory neurons to convey information from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system

101
Q

How was the efferent PNS divided up

A

Into the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

102
Q

Autonomic

A

Controls smooth muscles – involuntary movement

103
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls skeletal muscles – voluntary movement

104
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system break up into

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

105
Q

Sympathetic

A

Prepare his body for stressful situations fight, flight, freight response

106
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

107
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares body for stressful situations – rest and digest response

108
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine

109
Q

What neuroglia cells are found in the CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal Cells
110
Q

What neuroglea cells are found in the PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

111
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Located between neurons and blood vessels
  • functions in the blood brain barrier to regulate movement of substances

CNS

112
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Form along my myelinated axon of neurons in the brain and spine

-Function and producing Mylan around several axon tails comparable to the Schwann cells

CNS

113
Q

Microglia

A

Located near neurons that have the ability to relocate to injured neurons, phagocytize bacterial and cellular debris

CNS

114
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the cavities of the brain And spinal column,

function in regulating the transport of substances from cerebrospinal fluid and the interstitial space in the brain

CNS

115
Q

Schwann cells

A

Mylin

-similar to oligodendrocytes

Functions
Insulation
Faster response

PNS

116
Q

Satellite cells

A

Similar to astrocytes – movement of substances in and out of the cell body

PNS

117
Q

Myelin

A

Mixture of proteins and lipids that protect and insulate the axon tail

Ask as a barrier between the axon and everything else, it also works to send nerve impulses quicker

118
Q

How are neurons categorized?

A

Shape and function

119
Q

Multi polar

A

Many processes, one Exxon and the rest are dendrites found in the brain and spine

120
Q

Bipolar

A

only two processes, one is the axon and one is the dendrite found in sensory organs

121
Q

Unipolar

A

Single process extending from the body, but then divide the two processes

– found in a group called ganglia

-uses 1/2 of its processes to receive signals and transmit directly to the spine or the brain and the other half are use mostly organs

122
Q

Sensory neurons

A

The dendrites serve as a sensory receptor detecting changes in internal and external environment and sent directly to the brain or spine to the ad center – mostly unipolar structure, some bipolar

123
Q

Interneuron

A

Found only in the brain and spine.
-Multipolar

-They form connections with other interneurons and relay messages coming in and going out of the brain and spinal column

124
Q

Motor neurons

A

Multi polar neurons receives invoice from brain or spinal column and transfers to other body parts

125
Q

What is the effect of Myelination on transmission of nerve impulses

A

Myelinated axons-Action potential is only at nodes of ranvier

Unmyelinated Axons- Action potential is along the entire continuous conduction

126
Q

Is the speed of transmission faster with Myelinated axons?

A

Yes

127
Q

What does unmyelinated axons cause?

A

Multiple sclerosis

128
Q

What does the diameter or the axon dictate

A

The greater the diameter of the faster the impulse

129
Q

Synapses

A

One-way transmission of a
-neurotransmitter occurs between neurons and neurons
neurons and muscles
neurons and glands

Chemical used for all neurotransmitters and electrical are very rare

130
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap surrounding two cells

131
Q

What happened to the synaptic cleft

A
  • Action potential reaches end of the axon tail in a synapse.
  • calcium and plugs into the axon town

– vesicles filled with Neurotransmitter fuse with plasma membrane for Exocytosis of Neurotransmitter

– neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft

– neurotransmitter binds to receptor or receiving cell causing ion channels to open with influx of Na

132
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signals released from neurons by exocytosis

133
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Increase depolarization which increases actin impulses and neurotransmission

134
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Increase hyperpolarization which decreases the actin impulses neurotransmission

135
Q

Acetylcholine

A

SSpeed up or slow down nerve signals

Excitatory and inhibitory

136
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Released during the fight fight response causing vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the kidney

Excitatory and inhibitory

137
Q

Dopamine

A

Precursor of other substances including epinephrine

Excitatory and inhibitory

138
Q

Serotonin

A

Mostly found in the digestive system and blood platelets

Regulate anxiety, happiness,And mood

inhibitory

139
Q

Histamine

A

Produced by basophils and mast cells

increase the probability of the capillaries to the Y but sounds fun proteins, to allow them to engage pathogen be infected tissue

–promotes alertness

Excitatory

140
Q

GABA

A

Plays in important role in behavior, cognition in the body’s response to stress

Acts like an Excelerator when driving a car

– used with GLUTAMATE and 80% of the neural cells in the CNS

inhibitory

141
Q

Glutamate

A

Major Mediator of exciting signals and is involved in most aspects of normal brain functions including cognition, memory and learning

Excitatory

142
Q

Enkephalins/ endorphins

A

Natural painkillers

Released with pin signals reach spinal chord or brain.

inhibitory

143
Q

White matter

A

Everything that is myelinated no adipose

144
Q

Grey matter

A

Always unmyelinated-always has adipose

145
Q

Gyri

A

Many ridges within the brain

146
Q

Sulci

A

Small grooves that separate the gyri

147
Q

Fissure

A

Deep grooves that separate the gyri

148
Q

Transverse fissure

A

separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

149
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates left and right lobes

150
Q

Cerebrum

A

Two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fisher

responsible for integration of complex sensory and neural functions along with initiation coordination and voluntary actually in the body

151
Q

Cerebellum

A

Integrate sensory information concerning the position of the body parts, coordinate skeletal muscle activity, maintains posture

152
Q

Diencephalon

A

Consist of the thalamus

used for integrating sensory information

– limbic system

153
Q

Lambic system

A

Reaching considered the seat of emotion and the hypothalamus and Epithalamus

154
Q

Posterior commissure

A

Bilateral pulpillary-light reflex

155
Q

Pineal gland

A

Sleep patterns

Used to regulate the endocrine system

156
Q

Brain stem

A

Responsible for controlling the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body

Midbrain pons and medulla oblongata

157
Q

Midbrain

A

Uppermost portion

Collectively helps regulate I had movement and involve the pain suppression and functions on the reticular system

158
Q

Pins

A

Regulates breathing rate and functions in reticular system along with hearing, bladder control, and equilibrium

159
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls breathing rate, regulates heart rate, basal constriction, vasodilation, vomiting, swelling, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing

160
Q

what are the four interconnected ventricles, what connects them?

A

two lateral ventricles, connected to third ventricle through inter ventricular foramen

Third ventricle is in the middle of the bran and connects to the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct.

Fourth ventricle is in the brainstem and in continuous with the central canal of the spinal column

161
Q

Frontal lobe

A

is made up of the prefrontal cortex, broca’s area, motor area, central sulcus

162
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

concentration, problem solving, executive function, processing emotions and social behavior

Long term memory

163
Q

broca’s area

A

located in one hemisphere only- usually left and its involved with motor activity in producing speech

164
Q

motor area

A

voluntary muscle movement

165
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

directly divides the motor area from the sensory areas in the brain

166
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

primary sensory area- tactile sensations for determining body positions and spatial awareness

167
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

168
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

169
Q

Wenicke’s area

A

located in the region that is part of both the parietal and temporal lobes

general interpretive area of sensory information, integrating visual, auditory cues to understand the situation.

170
Q

what is the function of the diencephalon

A

interbrain- consists of the Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

171
Q

Thalamus

A

used for integrating sensory information- limbic system- region considered the seat of emotion

172
Q

hypothalamus

A

will be stimulated by amygdaloid body if body needs to respond to stimuli

reactive part- 80% of brain activity

173
Q

epithalamus

A

posterior commissure=bilateral pupillary

used to regulate the endocrine system and the basal ganglia needed for motor control

174
Q

pineal gland=

A

sleep patterns

175
Q

what are the two types of memory storage

A

long term and short term

176
Q

short term memory

A

temporary holding of information- limited to 7-8 pieces of info

177
Q

long term memory

A

has limitless capacity

178
Q

Brainstem

A

relays information from the other parts of the brain to the spinal cord and made of 3 regions with their own functions

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

179
Q

midbrain

A

upper most portion of the brain stem

collectively helps regulate eye and head movement

involved with pain suppression

functions in reticular system

180
Q

pons

A

regulates breathing rate

functions in reticular system along with hearing, bladder control and equilibrium

181
Q

Medulla oblongata

A 
controls breathing rate
regulates heart rate
vasoconstriction and vasodilation 
vomiting 
swallowing
hiccuping 
coughing 
sneezing
182
Q

Crebellum

A

little brain
separated by transverse fissure

integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts

coordinates skeletal muscle activity

maintains posture

183
Q

what are the functional systems f the brains

A

limbic system, reticular

184
Q

limbic system

A

controls emotion and needed to make memories

includes parts of the diencephalon and some cerebral structures that encircle the brain stem

185
Q

amygdaloid body

A

sensory filter of input and emotional cues

may assign an emotion to a particular sensation

skunks smell bad without even having smelled them

stimulator of either the hippocampus or the hypothalamus

186
Q

hypothalamus

A

will be stimulated by amygdaloid body if body needs to responded to

187
Q

hippocampus

A

will be stimulated by amygdaloid body when memory needs to be created

sends incoming information to prefrontal cortex of cerebrum for cognitive processing

188
Q

reticular formation

A

helps with filtering sensory information coming from PNS and used for motor output from the CNS

your dog doesn’t bother you because you can filter it out but your friend who doesn’t have a dog may be driven crazy by its barking

189
Q

what region of the limbic system is responsible for short term memory

A

hippocampus

190
Q

what region of the limbic system is responsible for long term memory

A

prefrontal cortex

191
Q

afferent input

A

neurons that receive information from sensory organs

192
Q

automatic memory

A

using past experiences also known as implicit memory

193
Q

what are the factors affecting the transfer from STM to LTM

A

emotional state
rehearsal
association
automatic memory

194
Q

emotional state

A

best if alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused

195
Q

rehearsal

A

repetition and practice

196
Q

association

A

tying new information with old memories

197
Q

automatic memory

A

subconscious information stored in LTM

198
Q

how do neurons in the brain change during learning?

A

Shape- dendritic spines change shape
extracellular proteins- deposited at synapse involved in LTM
Number and size- of parasympathetic terminals may increase
Presynaptic neurons release more neurotransmitter, glutamate, important to LTM

199
Q

what protects the brain and spinal cord

A

bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

200
Q

bones

A

butter coverings of the brain and spinal cord

201
Q

meninges

A

have three layers

  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater
202
Q

Dura mater

A

touch mother

outer most layer- made of dense connective tissue
forms folds- creates cavieies called dural sinuses
that drain and cary blood vessels

203
Q

arachnoid mater

A

spinal mother

web like inner membrane
subarachnoid spaces carries the cerebrospinal fluid
located between the arachnoid and Pia mater

204
Q

pia mater

A

delicate mother

thin membrane containing nerves and blood vessels that nourish the underlying nervous tissue

205
Q

what are examples of homeostatic imbalances within the brain

A

hydrocephalus and proteus

206
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

water on the brain

occurs in a fetus whose cranial sutures have not yet united increasing internal cranial pressure- the fluid has to be drained using a shunt connected to the digestive tract.

207
Q

proteus

A

genetic disorder causing asymmetrical growth of musculoskeletal tissues which can accumulate fluid on the brain as the facial and cranial bones become disfigured

people are born normally but the disease progresses after birth

208
Q

Spinal Cord

A

continuation of medulla oblongata of the brain

16-18 in in length and protected by bone, fibrocartilage disc, and spinal meninges (same three layers as CNS)

209
Q

Gray Matter

A

Hornes

contains neurons for receiving sensory information, integrating the information and then sending the information out

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

210
Q

Posterior root and anterior root

A

extend from the gray matter and fuse to form 31 pairs f spinal nerves

211
Q

Where do nerves with sensory input enter the spine?

A

at the dorsal root

212
Q

where do nerves with motor output leave the spine?

A

Ventral Root

213
Q

White matter

A

convey sensory impulses from the periphery received by the grey matter from the posterior root of the brain (ascending tract

convey motor impulses from the brain- descending tract to the gray matter in the spine and send out f the anterior root to the muscles and glands

214
Q

Ascending tract

A

sensory input- straight to the brain

215
Q

descending tract

A

motor I input going from the brain to what body part needs to do something

216
Q

what are three types of neurons in the ascending pathways to the brain?

A
  • interneurons receiving input from the
    • somatic sensory neurons
    • visceral sensory neurons
  • visceral motor (autonomic neurons)
  • Somatic motor neurons

A&P1 (5 decks)

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