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A&P1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

uses afferent sensory neurons to convey information from the Peripheral receptors the the CNS

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Uses the efferent motor neurons to convey information from the CNS to muscles and glands

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscle- voluntary

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls smooth muscle- involuntary

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5
Q

sympathetic division-

A

prepares the body for stressful situations- fight, flight, fright

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6
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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7
Q

what does the sympathetic division release

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

what does the parasympathetic division release?

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

what are the 5 types of sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors

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10
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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11
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

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12
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy (e.g. retina)

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13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals-(e.g.- smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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14
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to pan- causing stimuli(e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, Inflammatory chemicals)

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15
Q

what are the three locations of sensory receptors?

A

exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors

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16
Q

externoceptors

A

respond to stimuli outside the body

example: receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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17
Q

interoceptors

A

sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes in the body

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18
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles to inform brain of body position.

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19
Q

what is the somatosensory system?

A

part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs

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20
Q

where does the somatosensory system receive input from?

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors and interoceptors

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21
Q

where is the input of the somatosensory system relayed

A

toward head, but pressed along the way

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22
Q

what are the three levels of neural integrating in sensory systems?

A

Receptor Level, circuit level, perpetual Level

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23
Q

receptor level

A

sensory receptors

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24
Q

circuit level

A

processing in ascending pathways

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25
Q

perceptual level

A

processing in cortical sensory areas

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26
Q

what is needed for the perceptual level

A

interpretation of sensory input depends on specific location of target neurons in sensory cortex

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27
Q

what are the aspects of sensory perception?

A

perceptual detection, magnitude estimation, spatial discrimination

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28
Q

perceptual detection

A

ability to detect a stimulus- requires summation of impulses

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29
Q

magnitude estimation

A

intensity coded in frequency of impulses

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30
Q

spatial discrimination

A

identifying site or pattern of stimulus- studied by two-point discrimination tests

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31
Q

how is spatial discrimination tested?

A

two-point discrimination tests

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32
Q

what are the three aspects that sensory preceptors are important for?

A

feature abstraction, quality discrimination, and pattern recognition

33
Q

feature abstraction

A

identification of more complex aspects of a stimuli- layers of detection

34
Q

quality discrimination

A

ability to identify subtle differences of sensation- sweet or sour tastes

35
Q

pattern recognition

A

recognition of familiar or significant patterns in stimuli- melody in a piece of music

36
Q

How do we perceive pain?

A
  • protective action:warns of actual impending tissue damage
  • stimuli include: extreme pressure and temperature, histamine, K+, ATP, acids, and bradykinin
  • impulses travel- on fibers that relate neurotransmitters glutamate and substance P
  • Some blocked by: inhibitory endogenous opioids- endorphins
37
Q

what is pain tolerance

A

all perceive pain at the same stimulus intensity

- pain tolerance varies

38
Q

what does sensitive to pain mean?

A

low pain tolerance not low pain threshold

39
Q

what roles do genes play in pain tolerance

A

they determine pain tolerance, response to pain medications

40
Q

what are homeostasis imbalances to pain tolerances

A

Hyperalgesia , Phantom limb pain, visceral Pain, referred pain

41
Q

hyperalgesia

A

long- lasting/ intense pain, chronic pain, and phantom limb pain
- early pain management critical to prevent

42
Q

phantom limb pain

A

felt in limb no longer present

43
Q

visceral pain

A

stimulation of visceral organ receptors

  • felt as vague aching, gnawing, burning
  • activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms
44
Q

referred pain

A
  • pain from one body region perceived from different region.
  • visceral and somatic pain fibers travel in same nerves, brain assumes stimulus from common somatic region

example- left arm pain during heart attach

45
Q

what are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

I. olfactory nerves

ii. optic nerve
iii. oculomotor
iv. trochlear
v. trigeminal
vi. abducens
vii. Facial
viii. vestibulocochlear
ix. glossopharyngeal
x. vagus
xi. accessory nerve
xii. hypoglossal

46
Q

olfactory nerves

A

sensory- function in smell

47
Q

optic nerve

A

sensory- function in vision

48
Q

oculomotor

A

motor- eyelid and eye movement, control of iris and lenses

49
Q

trochlear

A

motor- movement of the eye

50
Q

trigeminal

A
  • mixed-
  • sensory function in tear production
  • Touch in the scalp and face
  • motor- function for chewing
51
Q

abductens

A

motor- eye muscle movement

52
Q

facial

A

mixed

  • sensory for taste
  • motor- for facial expression, tears and salivary glands
53
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

sensory- sense of balance and hearing

54
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

mixed

  • sensory- conducts impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, tongue and carotid arteries
  • motor function in salivary glad and muscles in pharynx for swallowing
55
Q

vagus

A
  • mixed-
  • sensory and autonomic motor figures function throughout the visor of the thorax and abdomen.
  • somatic muscle movement for speech and swallowing
56
Q

accessory nerve

A

motor- movement of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back

57
Q

hypoglossal

A

motor- tongue movement

58
Q

what are the functions of the ventral and dorsal roots?

A

to separate the mixed signals coming into the spinal nerve from the ventral and dorsal rami.

59
Q

what are the three levels of motor control

A

segmental, projetion, precommand

60
Q

segmental level

A

automatic response- controlled by spinal cord known as reflexes

61
Q

projection level

A

intermediate response- controlled by brain stem and motor cortex for posture, eye and head movements- also sends information to recommend level for integration

62
Q

precommand level

A

controlled by cerebellum and basal ganglia- fine tunes voluntary movement and sends signal back to projection level

63
Q

what parts in the brain are involved in each level of motor control?

A

cerebellum and basal nuclei in the brain coordinate complex Motor activities

spinal cord- controls simple motor activities

64
Q

what are the different types of reflexes?

A
  • inborn (intrinsic) reflex

- learned (acquired) reflex

65
Q

Inborn-intrinsic reflex

A

rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus

  • example- maintain posture, control visceral activities
  • can be modified by learning and conscious effort
66
Q

learned (acquired) reflexes

A

result from practice or repletion

example- driving

67
Q

somatic reflexes

A

skeletal muscle is the effector

68
Q

autonomic reflexes

A

smooth muscles in visceral organs are the effectors

69
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

The somatic nervous system (SNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves.

70
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. … Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus.

71
Q

what are the two neuron chains that the autonomic nervous system uses

A

preganglionic neurons

postganglionic (ganglionic) neurons

72
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

has a thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon

73
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

in autonomic ganglion outside the CNS has non-myelinated postganglionic axon that extends to effector organ.

74
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

grey matter outside the CNS- unmyelinated neurons

75
Q

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic system

76
Q

sympathetic NS

A

activated during flight fright and fight

- increases heart and respirator rates and inhibits digestion and elimination

77
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

activated for rest and digest

-decreases heart rate and respiratory rates, allows for digestion and discarding of wastes

78
Q

what is the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

it is a dynamic antagonism type of relationship- when one of these systems is used to activate the system that the other is used to inhibit.

79
Q

what organs are controlled by the sympathetic system?

A

1- fibers originate in the thoracic lumbar spinal cord
2- preganglionic fibers are short
-postganglionic fibers are long

A&P1 (5 decks)

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