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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

uses afferent sensory neurons to convey information from the Peripheral receptors the the CNS

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Uses the efferent motor neurons to convey information from the CNS to muscles and glands

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscle- voluntary

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls smooth muscle- involuntary

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5
Q

sympathetic division-

A

prepares the body for stressful situations- fight, flight, fright

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6
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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7
Q

what does the sympathetic division release

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

what does the parasympathetic division release?

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

what are the 5 types of sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors

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10
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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11
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

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12
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy (e.g. retina)

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13
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals-(e.g.- smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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14
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to pan- causing stimuli(e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, Inflammatory chemicals)

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15
Q

what are the three locations of sensory receptors?

A

exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors

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16
Q

externoceptors

A

respond to stimuli outside the body

example: receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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17
Q

interoceptors

A

sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes in the body

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18
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles to inform brain of body position.

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19
Q

what is the somatosensory system?

A

part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs

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20
Q

where does the somatosensory system receive input from?

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors and interoceptors

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21
Q

where is the input of the somatosensory system relayed

A

toward head, but pressed along the way

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22
Q

what are the three levels of neural integrating in sensory systems?

A

Receptor Level, circuit level, perpetual Level

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23
Q

receptor level

A

sensory receptors

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24
Q

circuit level

A

processing in ascending pathways

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25
perceptual level
processing in cortical sensory areas
26
what is needed for the perceptual level
interpretation of sensory input depends on specific location of target neurons in sensory cortex
27
what are the aspects of sensory perception?
perceptual detection, magnitude estimation, spatial discrimination
28
perceptual detection
ability to detect a stimulus- requires summation of impulses
29
magnitude estimation
intensity coded in frequency of impulses
30
spatial discrimination
identifying site or pattern of stimulus- studied by two-point discrimination tests
31
how is spatial discrimination tested?
two-point discrimination tests
32
what are the three aspects that sensory preceptors are important for?
feature abstraction, quality discrimination, and pattern recognition
33
feature abstraction
identification of more complex aspects of a stimuli- layers of detection
34
quality discrimination
ability to identify subtle differences of sensation- sweet or sour tastes
35
pattern recognition
recognition of familiar or significant patterns in stimuli- melody in a piece of music
36
How do we perceive pain?
- protective action:warns of actual impending tissue damage - stimuli include: extreme pressure and temperature, histamine, K+, ATP, acids, and bradykinin - impulses travel- on fibers that relate neurotransmitters glutamate and substance P - Some blocked by: inhibitory endogenous opioids- endorphins
37
what is pain tolerance
all perceive pain at the same stimulus intensity | - pain tolerance varies
38
what does sensitive to pain mean?
low pain tolerance not low pain threshold
39
what roles do genes play in pain tolerance
they determine pain tolerance, response to pain medications
40
what are homeostasis imbalances to pain tolerances
Hyperalgesia , Phantom limb pain, visceral Pain, referred pain
41
hyperalgesia
long- lasting/ intense pain, chronic pain, and phantom limb pain - early pain management critical to prevent
42
phantom limb pain
felt in limb no longer present
43
visceral pain
stimulation of visceral organ receptors - felt as vague aching, gnawing, burning - activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms
44
referred pain
- pain from one body region perceived from different region. - visceral and somatic pain fibers travel in same nerves, brain assumes stimulus from common somatic region example- left arm pain during heart attach
45
what are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
I. olfactory nerves ii. optic nerve iii. oculomotor iv. trochlear v. trigeminal vi. abducens vii. Facial viii. vestibulocochlear ix. glossopharyngeal x. vagus xi. accessory nerve xii. hypoglossal
46
olfactory nerves
sensory- function in smell
47
optic nerve
sensory- function in vision
48
oculomotor
motor- eyelid and eye movement, control of iris and lenses
49
trochlear
motor- movement of the eye
50
trigeminal
- mixed- - sensory function in tear production - Touch in the scalp and face - motor- function for chewing
51
abductens
motor- eye muscle movement
52
facial
mixed - sensory for taste - motor- for facial expression, tears and salivary glands
53
vestibulocochlear
sensory- sense of balance and hearing
54
glossopharyngeal
mixed - sensory- conducts impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, tongue and carotid arteries - motor function in salivary glad and muscles in pharynx for swallowing
55
vagus
- mixed- - sensory and autonomic motor figures function throughout the visor of the thorax and abdomen. - somatic muscle movement for speech and swallowing
56
accessory nerve
motor- movement of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back
57
hypoglossal
motor- tongue movement
58
what are the functions of the ventral and dorsal roots?
to separate the mixed signals coming into the spinal nerve from the ventral and dorsal rami.
59
what are the three levels of motor control
segmental, projetion, precommand
60
segmental level
automatic response- controlled by spinal cord known as reflexes
61
projection level
intermediate response- controlled by brain stem and motor cortex for posture, eye and head movements- also sends information to recommend level for integration
62
precommand level
controlled by cerebellum and basal ganglia- fine tunes voluntary movement and sends signal back to projection level
63
what parts in the brain are involved in each level of motor control?
cerebellum and basal nuclei in the brain coordinate complex Motor activities spinal cord- controls simple motor activities
64
what are the different types of reflexes?
- inborn (intrinsic) reflex | - learned (acquired) reflex
65
Inborn-intrinsic reflex
rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus - example- maintain posture, control visceral activities - can be modified by learning and conscious effort
66
learned (acquired) reflexes
result from practice or repletion | example- driving
67
somatic reflexes
skeletal muscle is the effector
68
autonomic reflexes
smooth muscles in visceral organs are the effectors
69
what does the somatic nervous system control
The somatic nervous system (SNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves.
70
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. ... Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus.
71
what are the two neuron chains that the autonomic nervous system uses
preganglionic neurons | postganglionic (ganglionic) neurons
72
preganglionic neurons
has a thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon
73
postganglionic neuron
in autonomic ganglion outside the CNS has non-myelinated postganglionic axon that extends to effector organ.
74
what is a ganglion?
grey matter outside the CNS- unmyelinated neurons
75
what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic system
76
sympathetic NS
activated during flight fright and fight | - increases heart and respirator rates and inhibits digestion and elimination
77
parasympathetic NS
activated for rest and digest | -decreases heart rate and respiratory rates, allows for digestion and discarding of wastes
78
what is the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
it is a dynamic antagonism type of relationship- when one of these systems is used to activate the system that the other is used to inhibit.
79
what organs are controlled by the sympathetic system?
1- fibers originate in the thoracic lumbar spinal cord 2- preganglionic fibers are short -postganglionic fibers are long

A&P1 (5 decks)

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