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A&P1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What fiber is predominantly in cartilage

A

mostly collagen- which retains water for reslience

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2
Q

Is cartilage avascular or vascular

A

avascular

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3
Q

How is cartilage built ?

A

Cartilage is built and maintained by chondrocytes that live in small cavities called lacunae within the extracellular matrix.

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4
Q

How is cartilage maintained?

A

the shape of cartilage is maintained by the perichondrium-

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5
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense irregular tissue surrounding the cartilage, and also supplies nutrients and water

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6
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline , Elastic, and fibrocartilage

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7
Q

What is the appearance of hyaline cartilage

A

frosted glass when freshly exposed

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8
Q

what is the function of saline cartilage

A

provides support with flexibility and resilience

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9
Q

what is the most abundant type of skeletal cartilage?

A

hyaline

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10
Q

what shape of chondrocytes are found in hyaline cartilage

A

spherical

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11
Q

what type of fiber is found in the matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

fine collagen fibers

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12
Q

where are the 4 skeletal locations of hyaline cartilage

A
  • articular- covering the ends of bones at movable joints.
  • costal- connects the ribs to the sternum
  • respiratory- forms the skeleton of the larynx (voice box) and reinforces other respiratory passageways.
  • nasal cartilage- supports the external nose
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13
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

resembles hyaline but they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are better able to stand up to repeated bending.

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14
Q

What skeletal locations can you find elastic cartilage

A
  • external ear

* epiglottis- the flab that bend to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow.

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15
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

highly compressible with great tonsil strength

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16
Q

What is fibrocartilage composed of?

A

roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating wth thick collagen fibers.

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17
Q

Where does fibrocartilage occur

A

in sites that are subject to both pressure and stretch, such as the bad like cartilages

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18
Q

what are the skeletal locations of fibrocartilage?

A
  • menisci of the knee
  • vertebral Discs
  • Pubic Symphysis
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19
Q

How does Cartilage grow?

A

*Unlike bone, cartilage has a flexible matrix which can accommodate mitosis
Cartilage grows in two ways

  • Appositional growth
  • Interstitial growth
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20
Q

appositional growth

A

cartilage- forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

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21
Q

interstitial growth

A

the lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

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22
Q

when does cartilage growth end?

A

typically ends during adolescence when the skeleton stops growing

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23
Q

Calcified Cartilage

A

during normal bone growth in youth and during old age cartilage can become calcified due to deposits of calcium salts- still does not become bone

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24
Q

How are bones classified

A

into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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25
Q

axial skeleton

A

long axis of the body- skull, cranial, facial,hyid,vertebral column , sacrum, coccyx, thoracic cage-ribs and sternum

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26
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower limbs- girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton- pectoral girdle(scapula, clavicle) humerus) humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,metacapals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (two hip bones) femur, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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27
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80

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28
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

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29
Q

How are the bones classified based on their shape

A

long, short, sesamoid, flat,irregular

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30
Q

long bones

A

long longitudinal axes and wider not eh ends

ulna, radius, humorous, femur

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31
Q

short bones

A

cube like, equal length and with small, nodular, embedded in a tendon adjacent to a joint

wrist ankle bones, talus

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32
Q

sesamoid bone

A

round bone

patella

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33
Q

flat bone

A

plate like structure

ribs, scapula, some bones in the skull

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34
Q

irregular bones

A

variety of shape

vertebrae, facial bones

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35
Q

what are the seven functions of the skeletal system

A 
(PMSBITH)
Protection
Movement
Support
Blood cell formation
Incorporate and release of minerals as needed- calcium and phosphorous 
triglyceride and growth factor storage
hormone production- Osteocalcin
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36
Q

what minerals are stored in the skeletal system

A

calcium and phosphorous

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37
Q

what hormone is produced int he skeletal system

A

osteocalcin

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38
Q

osteocalcin

A

important for regulating appositional growth in bones

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39
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain the bone matrix by acting as a strain/ stress sensor for the purpose of bone-remodeling

maintain

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40
Q

osteoblasts

A

actively dividing cells that create osteoid unmineralized bone matrix- primarily collagen fibers

Build

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41
Q

osteoclasts

A

WBC-Macrophage reabsorbs and breaks down extracellular matrix for the purpose of release ca into the blood

break down

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42
Q

osteogenic cells

A

actively dividing within the inside and outside linings of bone to create osteoblasts when needed.

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43
Q

compact bone

A

forms the hard-outer shell of all bones
strongest and densest form of bone in the body
contains many tiny passages for blood vessels and nerves and houses the cells that repair and maintain bones.

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44
Q

spongey bone

A

lighter and less dense than compact bone

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45
Q

Trabeculae

A

Shape of spongy bone

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46
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells, surrounded by a solid intercellular matrix of mineral salts and protein fibers.

Makes up osseous tissue which makes up the compact bone

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47
Q

What is the matrix of osseous tissue rich in?

A

Calcium and phosphorus containing the mineral hydroxyapatite

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48
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Very hard, but brittle on its own

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49
Q

Osteon

A

microscopic cylinders Which surround tiny central canal’s.

Form during fetal development.

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50
Q

Lacunae

A

A small cavity that contains osteocytes.

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51
Q

Lamellae

A

Osteogenic cells begin to produce bone Matrix and form a ring of bone matrix Matrix this ring is known as Lamella around the blood vessels and nerves

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52
Q

Canaliculi

A

Hair like canals that connect the Lacunae to each other in the central canal

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53
Q

Central Haversian canals

A

Runs through the core of the osteon

Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

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54
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

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55
Q

Perforating Volkmans canals

A

Canals runs perpendicular and connects to the central haversians

Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and centric canal

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56
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of the long bone which articulates with another bone

Secondary ossification center

Covered with highland cartilage called articular Cartlidge.

Filled with spongy bone

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57
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the end of long bones

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58
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

Closer to the torso

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59
Q

Distal epiphysis

A

Furthest away from the torso

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60
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone

All of the diaphysis is made up of come back down.

The center is hollow chamber call the medullary cavity

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61
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate membrane layer covering the medullary cavity surfaces
– location of the osteogenic cells

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62
Q

Periotenum

A

Outer covering of the long bone – location of iatrogenic cells and markings

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63
Q

Processes

A

Bony protrusions that provide sites for attachment of Ligaments and tendons

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64
Q

groove processes and openings processes

A

Are passage ways for blood vessels and nerves

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65
Q

Depression processes of the bone

A

Might serve as a place for articulation

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66
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Specialized connective tissue for him at a polices within the epiphysis

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67
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Reticular fibers network filled with lipids in the medullary cavity

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68
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow chamber in the center of the diaphysis

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69
Q

What bone tissues are found in flat bone

A

Both spongy and compact

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70
Q

Structure of the short, irregular, and flat bones

A
  • Then plates of spongy bone covered in compact bone.
  • Plates sandwich between connective tissue membranes.
  • Periosteum an interest in him.
  • No shaft or a purposes.
  • Red bone marrow throughout spongy bone.
  • Highland cartilage covers articular surfaces.
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71
Q

Short bones

A

Are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal.

  • They consist primarily of spongy bone which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
  • Short bangs include bones of the wrist and in the ankle
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72
Q

Flat bones

A

Are thin, flattened and usually curved.

Most of the bones of the cranium are flat bones

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73
Q

Irregular bones

A

Are not in any of the above categories, are classified as a regular bones.

  • They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with thin layer of compact bone.
  • The vertebrae and some other bones of the skull are irregular bones
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74
Q

Bone development

A

Bone development begins at six weeks in utero and continues until age 25. After 25 but information is in the room of remodeling

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75
Q

Ossification

A

Osteogenesis

Process of bone tissue formation is used in different parts of life for different reasons.

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76
Q

Formation of the bony skeleton

A

Begins in second month of fetal development, intramembranous

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77
Q

Bone growth

A

Until Early adulthood

-endochondral

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78
Q

Bone remodeling and repair

A

Lifelong

Endochondral

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79
Q

What are the two types of bone ossification

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

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80
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone development from fibrous membrane. Used to form only flat bones like the clavicles and cranial bones

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81
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms by replacing highland cartilage, forms most of the skeleton

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82
Q

What are the steps in intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells Turn into osteoblast while migrating to the ossification centers
  2. Osteoblast turn into osteocytes and they classify themselves in place
  3. Bone grows into linear expansions called specials and blood vessels will grow and branch around them to support the bone tissue
  4. Growth at multiple ossification centers cause enlargement and produce spongy bone, Merrill cavities and compact bone.
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83
Q

Where can you collect bone marrow for transplantation?

A

The flat bones of the pelvic girdle – ileum and also the sternum

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84
Q

What are the steps and endochondral ossification

A
  1. Brown color information
  2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy and creates cavities within the Cartlidge.
  3. Peritoneum bud and vision – osteoblasts and blood vessels invade the center of Cartilage in the developing bone shaft to deposit osteoblasts and osteoclasts to build spongy bone.
  4. Diaphysis elongation-The diaphysis in long gate using nutrients brought byParis Danielle bud and medullary cavity forms using osteoclasts in order to suppress development of bone marrow. -Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis of the bones
  5. Epiphyseal ossification
    Ossification continues in the purposes and the diaphysis when complete, only two areas of highland cartilage remain at the surface of the purposes and at the epithelial plate – secondary ossification center appears in the epiphysis above the primary ossification center
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85
Q

What is the difference between intersexual and appositional growth

A

Intersexual is longitudinal gross and appositional growth increases in both thickness.

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86
Q

What is interstitial Growth dependent on?

A
  • Primary ossification center.
  • Epithelial plate.
  • Secondary ossification center
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87
Q

Why must the epiphyseal plate maintain constant thickness

A

Rate of Cartlidge growth on one side balanced by bone replacement on the other

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88
Q

Why must bone remodeling occur in the epiphysis

A

To keep the epiphysis is the correct size otherwise your joints were at work

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89
Q

appositional growth

A
  • Increase in both thickness.
  • Occurs throughout your life known as bone remodeling.
  • Usually more building up and breaking down.
  • Osteoblast/ask your class activity regulated by Osteocalcin
90
Q

What are the supervisors of bone remodeling

A

Osteocytes are the supervisors of bone remodeling which go into action when they sent stress and strain or when responding to a mechanical stimuli such as running on a hard surface.

91
Q

What happens if they ask your side detect a tiny microscopic fracture?

A

They will initiate the remodeling process to fix it

92
Q

What is the osteocyte remodeling process?

A
  • The osteocyte releases a chemical signal to the osteoblasts to go to the site.
  • They secrete a collagen digestive enzyme and an acidic hydrogen ion mixture that dissolves the calcium phosphate.
  • Releasing the calcium in the phosphate back into the blood- reabsorption
  • The osteoclasts go through adopoisis so they do not continue breaking a bone down but before dying they activate the osteoblast to begin rebuilding the bone.
  • When we exercise we are stimulate bone remodeling and this strengthening our bones.
93
Q

Considering interstitial bone growth and development what is the role of the epiphyseal plate

A

To ensure that the rate of Cartlidge growth on one side is balanced by the bone replacement on the other

94
Q

Considering interstitial bone growth and development what is the most important in organic and organic compounds

A

Inorganic-70% calcium phosphate

Organic – 30% collagen

95
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

Is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine – without calcium bones become soft and deformed

96
Q

What disease it’s caused by a vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets-in small children

Osteomalacia-Condition in adults

97
Q

What is the role of vitamin a?

A

Vitamin a is necessary for osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity

98
Q

What is the role of vitamin C?

A

Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis

99
Q

What is the role of vitamin K?

A

Vitamin K is required for the activation of osteocalcin, a hormone and extracellular but Matrix needed to bind and retain calcium in the matrix

100
Q

What hormones regulate bone growth/development

A

Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone and estrogen

101
Q

Growth hormone

A

Most important and stimulating the epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

102
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Modulates activity of growth hormone, ensure proper proportions

103
Q

Testosterone and estrogen

A

Promote adolescent growth spurt’s, and growth by inducing epiphyseal plate

104
Q

What would happen with access or deficiencies in any of the growth hormones

A

Abnormal skeletal growth

105
Q

What is bone homeostasis

A

Is governed by bone remodeling and bone repair is needed.

106
Q

How is appositional growth involved in bone homeostasis

A

appositional growth contributes to bone homeostasis

107
Q

Is bone recycled and replaced? If so how often

A

Recycled 5 to 7% of the bone mass each week.

  • Spongy bone is replaced every 3 to 4 years
  • compact bone is replaced every 10 years
108
Q

What happens as older bone becomes more brittle

A

Calcium salts crystallize and they fracture easier

109
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

-Activation of PTH causes bone reabsorption so it must be balanced with the replacement which occurs from mechanical stress.

110
Q

How do bones respond to mechanical stress

A

bone is responding to increasing mechanical stressed by laying down new bone matrix.

  • In places with high stress, more calcium will be deposited and less taken away while places with a little stressed or better candidates for reabsorption of calcium into circulation.
  • The stress you put on your bones determines where remodeling will occur.
111
Q

What are the results of mechanical stress?

A

And bones with high stress there will be more calcium deposits and taking away in the opposite side for areas with low stress

112
Q

What are the four steps and bone repair?

A
  1. Hematoma formation – blood escapes from the broken blood vessel’s in forms a hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilaginous Calais forms-Cartledge is produced to form a fibrocartilaginous callous. —Osteoblast create new bone from this Matrix.
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs over a long period of time
113
Q

Why do bones of the upper limbs heal faster than those of the lower limbs?

A

The upper body has little to no wait pressing on it. Therefore the everybody has less stress than a lower body

114
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Reduce to pieces or fragments

115
Q

Compression fracture

A

Reduction In the volume between bones

116
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Happens around long bones in a lengthwise fashion

117
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

Aka salter -Harris

Coming in long bones of children

change to occur where Cartlidge cells are dying and calcification above Matrix is occurring.

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

118
Q

Depressed fracture

A

Create a depression or indent in the skull

Broken bone portion is pressed in word, typical of the skull fracture

119
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bones bend and break but not a complete break usually in children under 10 because their bones are softer and more flexible

120
Q

Coles fracture

A

Break and distal radius as a result of a fall onto an outstretched hand – common break in osteoporosis patients

121
Q

Potts fracture

A

Broken ankle usually distal fibula, caused by a combined abduction and external rotation from an E version force – come ankle break

122
Q

What are the common ways to treat a fracture?

A

Reduction and immobilization

123
Q

Reduction

A

Realignment of broken bones – close reduction or open reduction

124
Q

Closed reduction

A

Position manipulates to correct position

125
Q

Open reduction

A

Surgical pins or wires suture the ends

126
Q

Immobilization

A

Buy a cast or traction for healing – depends on the severity of the broken bone and age of the patient

127
Q

Spontaneous fracture

A

Resulting from disease

128
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

ends remain in the normal position

129
Q

Displaced fracture

A

Ends out of normal alignment

130
Q

Complete fracture

A

Broken all the way through

131
Q

incomplete complete fracture

A

Not broken all the way through

132
Q

Open/compound fracture

A

Skin is penetrated

133
Q

Closed/simple fracture

A

Skin is not penetrated

134
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone reabsorption- Pulling calcium out outpaces the deposit of calcium- bones become very porous and brittle.

135
Q

What does osteoporosis cause

A

Burns to become weak and bridal – so brittle that a fall or even mild stress such as bending over or coffee and can cause a fracture

-Osteoporosis related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or the spine.

136
Q

When does osteoporosis occur

A

Creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old him

137
Q

When do you reach your peak bone mass

A

In your early 20s

138
Q

What does the likelihood of developing osteoporosis depends partly on

A

How much bone mass you attained in your youth.

139
Q

What are risk factors associated with osteoporosis

A

Age, race, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions and treatment

140
Q

Who is more likely to develop osteoporosis

A

White and Asian women, especially older women who are past Menopause

141
Q

What could help prevent bone loss or strengthen already weak bones

A

Medications, healthy diet and weight bearing exercise

142
Q

What symptoms are associated with osteoporosis

A

There are typically no symptoms in the early stages of a loss, once your bones have been weekend by osteoporosis you may have signs and symptoms that include….

-Back pain, caused by a fracture or collapsed vertebrae.

  • Loss of height overtime.
  • stooped posture.

-A bone fracture that occurs much more easier than expected

143
Q

What are risk associated with osteoporosis

A

Your sex-Women are more likely develop osteoporosis than men

Age – the older you get the greater your risk of osteoporosis. Race – you’re at greater risk of osteoporosis if you are a white or Asian dissent.

Family history – having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis put you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father experienced a hip fracture.

Body frame size – men and women who have small body creams tend to have higher risk because they have less bone mass to draw from as age.

Hormone levels Dash is more common in people who have too much or too little of certain hormones in their bodies – sex hormones, thyroid problems, other glands

Dietary factors – osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have low calcium intake, eating disorders, gastrointestinal surgery.

Medications – long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medications or medications that help prevent seizures, gastric reflux, cancer, transplant rejection.

Medical conditions – cardiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney or liver disease, cancer, lupus, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis

Lifestyle choices-sedentary lifestyle,Excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco use.

144
Q

How can you prevent osteoporosis

A

Protein-is one of the building blocks of bone and why most people get plenty of protein in their diet some do not.

Body weight – being underweight increases the chance of bone loss and fractures

Calcium Dash men and women between the ages of 18 and 50 need 1000 mg of calcium a day. This daily amount increases to 1200 mg when women turn 50 and men turn 70.

Vitamin D – improves your body’s ability to absorb calcium and improves bone help in other ways.

Exercise – exercise can help build strong bones and slow bone loss

145
Q

How are joints classified?

A

By the type of tissue or the degree of movement

146
Q

tissue classification

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints

147
Q

Degree of moment classification

A

Synarthrotic
Amphiarthrotic
Diarthrotic

148
Q

Synarthrotic

A

Immovable

149
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A

Slightly movable

150
Q

Diarthrotic

A

freely movable

151
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Made from dense connective tissue – mini collagen fibers in our form between bones in close contact

152
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints

A

Syndesmosis
Sutures
Gomphoses

153
Q

Syndesmoses

A
  • Joint held together by a ligament, fibers tissue can vary in length but is longer than in sutures.
  • Amphiarthrotic- Slightly movable
  • Example - where the fibula and tibia meet
154
Q

Sutures

A

Joint held together with a very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges in a lock. Found only in the skull

-synarthrosis- No movement

155
Q

How do you sutures originate?

A

From Fontanels

156
Q

Gomphoses

A

Pegging in a socket fibrous joint

The ligaments around the route and family attaches it to the bone

Synarthrotic-No movement

157
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Highland cartilage or fibrocartilage connects the bottom of Cartilaginous joint

158
Q

What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphysis

159
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Primary cartilaginous-Exist between ossification centers of developing bones and are absent in the mature skeleton, but if you persist in some adults.

Sternum to the first rib, epiphyseal plate in a long long

-synarthrotic- No movement

160
Q

Symphyses

A

Secondary cartilaginous Considered amphiarthrotic meaning that they allow only slight movement and are found in the skeletal midline

Pubic synthesis, intravertebral disc

161
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Formed by Bands of hyaline cartilage uniting the bones

162
Q

What example of Synchondrosis is used during interstitial growth

A

Epiphyseal plate

163
Q

What type of movement is carried out by Synchondrosis

A

No movement

164
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • bone separated backward field joint cavities.
  • All are diarthrotic -freely moving
  • Include all them joints, most drawn to the body
  • Have six characteristic features
165
Q

What are the six characteristic features of synovial joints?

A
  • Small, fluid filled potential space
  • Articular Cartlidge – highland cartilage prevents crushing of bone ends
  • synovial fluid
  • Different types of reinforcing ligaments
  • Nerves and blood vessels
166
Q

What are the two layers of articular joint capsule

A

External fibrous later – dense regular connective tissue

inner synovial membrane – loose connective tissue, makes synovial fluid

167
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Discus, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid Dash lubricate and nourishes articular Cartlidge,

-contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

168
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints

A

Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, finger

169
Q

Ligaments

A

Thick five wristbands like ropes and their job is to provide stability by holding bones together

170
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

ACL

-Prevents anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur, attaches from the lateral condyle of the femur to the front of the tibia

171
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

PCL

-prevent posterior translation of the tibia relative to the female, attaches to the posterior intercondylar of the tibia and the medial femoral condyle of the femur

172
Q

Medial meniscus

A

Fibrocartilage – crescent shaped shock absorbers and provides join stability but shaped more like a C between the medial condyle of the Beamer in the medial tibial condyle

173
Q

Lateral meniscus

A

Fibrocartilage – crescent shaped shock absorbers and provide joint stability but more circular and mobile than the medial meniscus dash between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral tibial condyle

174
Q

Medical collateral ligament

A

MCL

-Works in connect with the ACL to provide the street to the Exxon rotation – basically preventing the leg from overextending N-word also known as the tibial collateral ligament attaches from the medial epicondyles of the femur to the Posteromedial crest of the tibia

175
Q

Lateral collateral ligament

A

LCL

Works in connect with the MCL to provide restraint on access rotation also known as the fibular collateral ligament Dash less comment to injure the LCL then the MCL Dash attached to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and runs to the tabular head.

176
Q

Patellar ligament

A

Not only helps keep the kneecap in its proper position but it also assist in the bending of the leg at the knee attaches to the patella to the tibial tuberosity

177
Q

What is the ligament that was recently discovered in the knee

A

Anterolateral ligament

ALL

178
Q

Anterolateral ligament

A

Stabilize the knee, attachment at the lateral epicondyle of the femur and runs to the tip your head – lateral tibial condo

179
Q

What are the functions of the knee joint

A
  • Stabilize the knee
  • prevent hyperextension
  • prevent displacement
  • absorb vertical force
180
Q

Where is the weak spot in the knee

A

Horizontal clothes especially to extend knee

181
Q

What are the most commonly injured and ligaments in the knee

A

TCL, ACL, medial meniscus

182
Q

Bursa

A

Saks line with synovial fluid, contains and I’ll be on fluid, reduce friction where ligaments muscles skin tendons or bones rub together

183
Q

Tendon sheath

A

And long gated versa wrapped completely around tendon subject to friction

184
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, Seattle, but on socket

185
Q

Plane joint

A

Articulating surface or nearly flat or slightly curved

– movement is sliding or twisting

  • non-axial
  • example would be your wrist or ankle
186
Q

Hinge joint

A

Convex surface of one bone articulates with a concave service of another

  • movement is flexion and extension
  • uniaxial

-example- Humorous/ulna joint and the joints of the phalanges

187
Q

Pivot joint

A

Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament

  • Movement – rotation
  • Uniaxial
  • Example – the joint between proximal end of the radius and ulna
188
Q

Condylar joint

A

Oh well shaped kind out of the bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another

-biaxial

Example – joints between metacarpals and phalanges

189
Q

Saddle joints

A

Articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions, surface of one bone fits Complementary service of another.

  • Various movements and two planes-biaxial
  • Example – joints between carpals and metacarpals of the thumb
190
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Well shaped head of one bone articulates with cup shaped socket of another

-Movement in all planes including rotation – multi axial

Example is a shoulder or hip

191
Q

What are common joint injuries

A

Sprains, dislocation, partial dislocation, Buritis, hemarthrosis, arthralgia, arthritis

192
Q

Sprains

A

Over stretching or tearing of the cartilage, ligaments, and tendons associated with a joint. Common injury of wrist and ankles

193
Q

Dislocation

A

Luxation, a joint injury that forces the bone and joint out of their position common injury of the shoulder

194
Q

Partial dislocation

A

Subluxation – when bones partially come out of that position within a joint – common injury in the radius of the vertebrae

195
Q

Buritis

A

Information of the bursae caused by overuse of a joint common in the ankle and the elbow – causes of the tennis elbow

196
Q

hemarthrosis

A

Heading into a joint – caused by injury, bleeding disorders, tumors or neurological conditions

197
Q

Arthralgia

A

Joint pain and is usually associated with injury or arthritis

198
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints

199
Q

What are the four types of arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, lime arthritis

200
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

I don’t immune disease that attacks the synovial membrane in the joints and causes them to swell, turn red and be painful. Fibrosis may occur and fuse the bones in a systematic disease and may cause damage to other types of tissue and organs as well

201
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative disorder affects older people primarily. Cause is unknown and starts with the wearing down of the articular Cartlidge to cause a bone on bone interaction usually affects one joint and causes pain, stiffness and swelling

202
Q

Gout

A

A temporary form of arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid, causes a cute attack of pain and redness and the filling of the joint being on fire

203
Q

Lyme arthritis

A

Passed by a bacterial infection past from a tick bite. It causes temporary arthritis systems of aches and pains and most joints. Common in dogs that can happen to people who’ve been bitten by ticks

204
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of the ball and socket joint or the eye

205
Q

Supination

A

Turning the palm of the hand upward

206
Q

Pronation

A

Palm facing downward

207
Q

Eversion

A

Tell the soul of your foot away from the body

208
Q

Inversion

A

Tell the soul of your foot in towards the body

209
Q

Protraction

A

Is movement of a body part in the anterior direction – being drawn forward

The only joints capable of protection are the shoulder joint and the jaw

210
Q

Retraction

A

The action of drawing something back or back in

211
Q

Elevation

A

Lifting

212
Q

Depression

A

Lowering

213
Q

Flexion

A

A banding movement around the joint and a limb such as the knee or elbow that decreases the angle between the bones of the lamb and the joint

214
Q

Extension

A

A movement that increases the angle between the body parts

215
Q

Hyperextension

A

And excessive joint movement in which the angle formed by the bones of a particular joint is open or straight and beyond its normal healthy range of motion

216
Q

Dorsey flexion

A

The foot is bright closer to the shin

217
Q

Plantarflexion

A

The foot is extended towards the ground

218
Q

Abduction

A

Moved away from the midline of the body

219
Q

Adduction

A

Brought towards the middle of the body

220
Q

Rotation

A

The action of rotating around and axis or center

A&P1 (5 decks)

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