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AP BIOLOGY > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in…

A

Hydrogen bonding

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2
Q

When does a hydrogen bond form

A

When slightly negative oxygen is attracted to slightly positive hydrogen of water molecule.

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3
Q

Cohesion

A

Pulls water upward in microscopic water conducting cells of plants

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4
Q

specific heat

A

Heat absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and is released when hydrogen bonds form

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5
Q

Water has a what specific heat

A

High

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6
Q

Why does ice float

A

It’s less dense than liquid water

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7
Q

Polarity with hydrogen bond properties

A

Gives water the ability to stick to itself (cohesion)
Stick to other substances (adhesion)
Have surface tension (due to H bonding)

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8
Q

What makes water a good solvent

A

Polarity

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9
Q

Why does stream of water bend

A

Polarity if water molecules

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10
Q

Lipids form what

A

Barriers against water

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11
Q

Carbs can be broken down for…

A

Energy

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12
Q

4 Macromolecules

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbs
Lipids (fats)

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13
Q

Ice hydrogen bonds

A

Stable

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14
Q

Liquid water hydrogen bonds

A

Weak

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15
Q

Hydrophilic v hydrophobic

A

Phobic: repels water
Phillic: mixes w water

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16
Q

Describe how different types of solutes dissolve in water

A

Water is a very polar compound. Like dissolves like.

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17
Q

A water molecule can transfer what to another water molecule to form what

A

H, H3O + and OH-

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18
Q

Bonds that are broken when water vaporizes

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

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19
Q

How many electrons does carbon have

A

6

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20
Q

In organic molecules carbon usually forms

A

Single or double covalent bonds

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21
Q

Methane

A

CH4

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22
Q

In molecules with more carbons, every grouping of a carbon bonded to four other atoms has a

A

Tetrahedral bond (atoms join to those carbons are in the same place as the carbons)

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23
Q

In a carbon dioxide molecule,

A

A single carbon Adam is joined to two Adams of oxygen by double covalent bond

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24
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

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25
Q

Simplest organic molecule

A

Hydrocarbon

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26
Q

Properties of an organic molecule depends on

A

Arrangement of its carbon skeleton in chemical groups attached to that skeleton

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27
Q

Seven chemical groups most important in biological processes

A

Hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl and amino sulfhydryl, phosphate, methane

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28
Q

Hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl and amino sulfhydryl, phosphate are

A

Hydrophilic and increase solubility in water

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29
Q

Methane is

A

Not reactive

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30
Q

Structure of hydroxyl

A

-OH, polar, help dissolve organic compounds like sugar

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31
Q

Structure of carbonyl

A

O
//
-c
\

carbon joined to oxygen by double bond

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32
Q

Carboxyl

A 
O
       // 
—C
       \
        OH

Acid: oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to an OH group

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33
Q

Amino structure

A

Base: nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen Atoms (NH2)

     H
     /
-N
     \
       H
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34
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

—-SH

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35
Q

Phosphate structure

A 
O
             ||
  -O—P—O-
            |
            O-
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36
Q

Methyl

A

—CH3

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37
Q

Chemical grouping effect

A

Molecular shape

38
Q

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base

A

Amino

39
Q

Which three classes are macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid‘s

40
Q

Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acid’s or what molecules called polymers

A

Chain like

41
Q

A long molecule consisting of many building blocks linked by covalent bonds

A

Polymer

42
Q

Repeating units that serve as building blocks of a monomer are smaller molecules called

A

Monomers

43
Q

A monomer joins with another monomer with the release of a water molecule, leading to the formation of a covalent bond. What reaction is this

A

Dehydration reaction

44
Q

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by

A

Hydrolysis

45
Q

Example of hydrolysis

A

Process of digestion.

46
Q

Polymers linked by what

A

Covalent bonds

47
Q

In hydrolysis, bonds are…

A

Broken by adding water molecules. H attaches and OH attaches

48
Q

Body cells use what reaction to assemble monomers into new polymers that carry out specific functions to a cell

A

Dehydration

49
Q

Carbohydrates include

A

Sugars

50
Q

Hydrogen and hydroxide connected by

A

Covalent bonds

51
Q

Polymer of carbs

A

Monosaccharides and polysaccharide

52
Q

Polymer of proteins

A

Amino acids

53
Q

Polymer of lipids

A

Fatty acids And glycerol

54
Q

Saturated fats

A

Single bond

55
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Double bond

56
Q

Example of unsaturated fat

A

Steroids (4 rings): insoluble in water

57
Q

Polymer or nucleic acid

A

Nueclotides

58
Q

Nucleotides contain…

A

Sugar, base, and phosphate

59
Q

Example of polysaccharide

A

Starch and cellulose

60
Q

Monosaccharides example

A

Glucose, fructose, CH20

61
Q

Carbs end in

A

-ose

62
Q

Simplest carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide

63
Q

Monomers form larger molecules by

A

Dehydration reactions

64
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose sucrose

65
Q

Carbohydrates function

A

Fuel

66
Q

Function of starch and glycogen

A

Stores glucose for energy

67
Q

Function or cellulose

A

Strengthens plant cell walls

68
Q

Tricylglycerals: lipids

A

Fats or oils, glyceral + 3 fatty acids

69
Q

Tricylglycerals function

A

Energy source

70
Q

Phospholipids made up of

A

Phosphate group and 2 fatty acids

71
Q

Function of steroids

A

Membrane formation

72
Q

Steroids are

A

Lipids

73
Q

All lipids are…

A

Hydrophobic

74
Q

Why are lipids not considered to be macromolecules or polymers

A

Polymers are chains of smaller molecules, while lipids have a starter molecule like a fatty acid

75
Q

What is the most structurally and functionally diverse class of biological molecules

A

Proteins

76
Q

How many types of amino acids are there

A

20

77
Q

Proteins functions

A

Store amino acids, chemical reaction, transportation, structural support, cell movement, protect against disease.

(Enzymes and hormones)

78
Q

Nulecic acid function

A

Store, transmit, help express hereditary info

79
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA:double stranded, intertwined, sugar=deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases: C,G,A,T, stores hereditary info
RNA: C,G,A,U, sugar=ribose, single stranded, gene expression

80
Q

Levels of protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

81
Q

Primary structure…

A

Sequence of amino acids

82
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coils and folds, alpha helix and beta sheet formed because hydrogen bonds are made above carboxyl and amino acid

83
Q

Tertiary structure

A

R groups interacting

84
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Multiple chains formed

85
Q

Structure = function in

A

Protein

86
Q

Is a polar and nonpolar switch out of a protein which levels of protein structure are affected

A

1 and 3

87
Q

DNA and proteins contain

A

Nitrogen

88
Q

Polar v nonpolar

A

Polar interact with one another and nonpolar aligns in the center

89
Q

All amino acids are effected by

A

Carboxyl

90
Q

When making polypeptide bonds..

A

Amino acids and carboxyl come together

AP BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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