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AP BIOLOGY > Quiz genetics > Flashcards

Quiz genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Medal worked with…

A

Pea plants and 7 traits

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2
Q

3:1 ratio occurs in what generation

A

f2

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3
Q

Mono hybrid cross looks at

A

1 gene

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4
Q

P generation in Mendel experiment

A

Parentsl generation, homozygous dominant purple flowers and homozygous recessive white flowers

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5
Q

F1 generation…

A

Heterozygote purple flower Pp

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6
Q

When hybrid plants produce gametes..

A

The two alleles segregate, half of the gametes receiving P allele and half of p allele.

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7
Q

Law of segregation in Mendel

A

Purple flower trait completely masks the white flower trait(true breeding plants)

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8
Q

In the law of segregation, cross __ to generate __

A

f1, F2

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9
Q

In the law of segregation

  1. Definiton
  2. Units
A

Units must be discrete, genes have alternate forms.

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10
Q

P Vs F1 vs F2

A

F1 is two heterozygotes being crossed

F2 results of F1

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11
Q

True breeding vs hybrid

A

True breeding: homozygous same genes

Hybrid: heterozygotes different alleles

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12
Q

Self pollination vs cross pollination

A

Self: plants own sperm and egg come together
Cross: egg from one plant, sperm from another plant come together

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13
Q

Particulate theory vs blending theory

A

Particulate: each unit is discrete
Blending: might get intermediate allele, or third phenotype, no discete unit

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14
Q

Genotype ratio vs phenotype

A

Genotype: 1:2:1, alleles
Phenotype: what they look like 3:1

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15
Q

Unknown dominant trait with something you know

A

Test cross

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16
Q

To determine if it’s genotype is PP or Pp, cross with a

A

Recessives phenotype like pp

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17
Q

Why do Punnett squares work?

A

Law of segregation

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18
Q

Punnett Squares represent…

A

All the possible gametes that each parent contribute

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19
Q

Dihybrid ratio

A

9:3:3:1

RrYy both for Mendel cross

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20
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Two trait inheritance

Pairs of alleles for a given trait seperwted independently or other pairs of alleles.

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21
Q

Mendel would’ve never developed this law if he’d chosen traits located on the same chromome. Why?

A

They always would’ve traveled together

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22
Q

What deviates from the reexpected results of mendels law of independent assortment

A

Linked jeans

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23
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Two or more genes are same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

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24
Q

Don’t get as many recombinants…

A

Linked genes

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25
Q

Incomplete dominance is …

Ex?

A

Heterozygote has a third phenotype, blend.

Red and white flowers make pink.

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26
Q

Neither allele is dominant nor recessive…

A

Incomplete dominance

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27
Q

Co-dominance definition

A

Heterozygous individual expresses both traits simultaneously.

Both show phenotype but no blend.

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28
Q

Neither allele is recessive in…

A

Co dominance

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29
Q

How many alleles are possible in multiple alleles

A

3

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30
Q

What are multiple alleles…

Ex?

A

Gene exists in several forms.

ABO blood types

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31
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

Occurs when a trait is controlled by two or more genes.

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32
Q

In polygenic inheritance, each dominant allele has…

A

A qualitative effect on the phenotype.

More dominant: darker effect

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33
Q

Sex linked are on which chromosome

A

X, not y

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34
Q

No alleles on the what chromosome in sex linked

A

Y

35
Q

The phenotypic expression of one gene affects that of another, masking

A

Epistasis

36
Q

X activation only occurs in

A

Females

37
Q

What is X inactivation

A

One of two X chromosomes in each cell becomes inactive dur my embryonic development

38
Q

Inactive X chromosomes are called…

A

Barr bodies

39
Q

X activation in humans only occurs when we have a …. condition

A

Heterozygote

40
Q

X linked mutation prevents…

A

Development of pigment in skin

41
Q

Explain how meiosis results in the transmission of chromosomes from one generation to the next…

A

Chromosomes passed on via sperm and egg which determines how that gene is inherited.

42
Q

Genetic variation is ___ by meiosis in what two ways?

A

Fertilization: one gamete from each parent forms a zygote.

Recombination and independent assortment in meiosis: each gamete contains a different set of DNA.

43
Q

Each person has ___ copies of every gene carried on an ___.

A

Two, autosome (inherited from mom and dad)

44
Q

For sexually reproducing diploid parents in meiosis, separation of chromatid occurs…and there are …rounds of cell division

A

Once, two

45
Q

How many rounds of division is there in mitosis

A

1

46
Q

Difference between metaphase 1 and metaphase 2:

A
  • metaphase 1: tetrads are aligned along the metaphase plate.
  • 2: single chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate
47
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Tetrads

48
Q

What happens during prophase

A

Nuclear membrane degrades

49
Q

Anaphase 1 meiosis

A

tetrads migrate to opposite poles, sister chromatids stay attached

50
Q

Sister chromatids separate in __ and from __

A

Meiosis 2, from haploid daughter Cells

51
Q

In a chi-square if it is less than the critical value

A

Accept the null, independent assortment

52
Q

In pedigrees: If parents are heterozygotes…

A

two children may not be affected. Both parents infected, and 2/4 children autosomal dominant

53
Q

Plants need hexokinase for…

A

Glycolysis not photosynthesis

54
Q

Recombination frequency is equal to

A

Map distance

55
Q

What can influence gene activity, what can it lead to?

A

Environment, change in phenotype

56
Q

Nondisjunction offcurs In

A

Anaphase 2

57
Q

Nondisjunction produces

A

Gamete with a missing chromosome, error in crossing over, half of gametes will have the right number of chromosomes and the other half will not.

58
Q

Sex chromomes determine the…

A

Phenotype of sex in humans, seperate during meiosis

59
Q

Meiosis 2 vs meiosis 1

A

Meiosis 2: sister chromatids seperate, haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent.

Meiosis 1: homo chrom. Seperate, line up in pairs, form a set of 4 chromatid

60
Q

Synopsis of homologous chromosomes allows for…

A

Crossing over to occur, increase in genetic variation

61
Q

The closer the genes are to each other…

A

The lower the change of them being separated from each other by crossing over

62
Q

X linked recessive

A

Parents don’t have it, only males effected

63
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

It shows in every generation

64
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

It’s not in every generation

65
Q

How does crossing over generate genetic diversity

A

Prophase in meiosis 1, allows genes from each parent to intermix

66
Q

How does Random chromatid assortment generate genetic diversity?

A

Chromatids seperate and are distributed randomly to daughter cells in meiosis 2.

67
Q

How does random fertilization generate genetic diversity

A

Fusion of gametes during fertilization will produce a zygote with many diploid combos

68
Q

Explain the inheritance of genes and traits as described by Mendel…

A

Deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units

69
Q

Mendel tracked…

A

Segregation of parental genes and offspring as dominant or recessive traits

70
Q

Explain how chromosomal inheritance generates genetic variation in sexual reproduction. (3)

A

Produces different gene combos: crossing over in homologous chromosomes, random assortment of chromosomes, fusion of gametes from dif. Parents

71
Q

Outcomes of meiosis

A

For daughter cells haploid

72
Q

Meiosis 1 is known as the

A

Reductional division

73
Q

Random orientation of homologous chromosomes occurs in…

A

Metaphase of meiosis 1

74
Q

Individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents…

A

Recombinant chromosomes

75
Q

Homologs separate from each other, sister chromatids joined at the centromere in what phase…

A

Anaphase 1

76
Q

Combo of sister chromatid cohesion and crossing over leads to…

A

Chiasmata

77
Q

Raw material for evolution by natural selection

A

Genetic variation

78
Q

Homozygotes are…

A

True breeding

79
Q

Phenotypic range of a genotype

A

Norm of reaction

80
Q

Genes located on the same chromosome and that the behavior of the chromosomes account for law of segregation and independent assortment

A

Chromosomes theory of inheritance

81
Q

Extra copy of chromosome

A

Trisomy

82
Q

Missing copy

A

Monosomy

83
Q

More than two complete sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploidy

AP BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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