Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP BIOLOGY > Cell Signlaing Quiz > Flashcards

Cell Signlaing Quiz Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of Local signaling

A

Paracrine signaling and synaptic signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signals that act locally between cells that are close together; move thru diffusion through extracellular matrix—discharging molecule

A

Paracrine signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurotransmitter molecule released into synapse—stimulates target cell.

A

Synaptic signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids (mainly blood)

A

Endocrine signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of molecules are secreted by signaling cells

A

Messenger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three stages of signal transduction pathway

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical signal binds to a cellular protein at cell surface

A

Reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Binding changes protein, stimulates changes like signal transduction pathway

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transduced signal activates cell activity

A

Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a ligand

A

Molecule that binds to another molecule, often larger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A ligand causes the receptor protein to…

A

Change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

A

Protein kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is responsible for phosphorylation, occurs in cascades

A

Protein kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do protein phosphates do

A

Catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from proteins making inactive and reusable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Used for intracelular signal transduction, activates protein kinase

A

Cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is synthesized from ATP by G proteins and that are attached receptors and become released when receptor is actived

A

Cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the 2nd messenger cAMP made from…

A

ATP by adenylyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cyclic AMP is inactivated by,,,

A

Phosphodesterase, enzyme that converts it to AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Activation of specific gene by a growth factor

A

Nuclear responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The stimulation of glycogen breakdown by epinephrine

A

Cytoplasmic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cellular processes altered upon receipt of a signal

A

Nuclear and cytoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens nuclear responses?

A

Protein stimulates transcription of specific genes; mRNA directs synthesis of protein in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the result of cytoplasmic response

A

Glucose 1-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ion channel receptors

A

Contains a region that acts as a gate when receptor changes shape—when signaling molecule binds as a ligand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acceptor tyrosine kinases

A

Enzymes that are capable of adding P to tyrosine on target proteins; at cellular membrane, activated by ligand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

Cell surface trans membrane receptor that works with G protein; transmits signal from extracellular substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Reasons cell division is important for unicellular and multiveullar organisms

A

Uni: only way they can reproduce
Multi: need cell division to grow and replace dead or damaged cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why a cell division important to an adult organism after it is fully developed

A

Cells in the skin and gut our continuously renewed.

Heal wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Role of growth factors

A

Cells divide in response to specific molecular signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is differentiation

A

Cells stop dividing in response to specialize in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Purpose of apoptosis

A

Renews unhealthy or damaged cells in the mature organism

32
Q

Molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death

A

Cell cycle regulators

33
Q

Cell division on villus happens where

A

Crypt

34
Q

Cell differentiation happens where on villus

A

Lumen, up the crypt

35
Q

Apoptosis happens where on the villus

A

Top of villus

36
Q

Too little cell division ex

A

Hair loss

37
Q

Too much cell division ex

A

Warts tumors

38
Q

Four cell cycle events

A

Growth
DNA replication
Prep to divide
Division

39
Q

What happens in growth phase

A

G1

40
Q

What happens in dna replication

A

Synthesis , cell increases in size and begins to replicate

41
Q

What is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle

A

Regulates the progression from one phase of the cell cycle to the next

42
Q

What type of protein regulates the cell cycle encoded by proto oncogenes

A

Stimulating

43
Q

What type of protein regulates the cell cycle encoded by tumor suppressor genes

A

Inhibitory

44
Q

The most important cell regulators

A

Cyclic dependent kinases

45
Q

Enzymes that add a phosphate to other proteins to activate or inhibit their function

A

Kinase

46
Q

When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle

A

When they are bound to other proteins

47
Q

CDKs form molecular complexes with

A

Cycling

48
Q

What do activates CDK cyclin complexes do

A

Stimulates cell cycle

49
Q

The interphase alternates with

A

Mitosis

50
Q

What happens during interphase

A

Cell grows and replicates its DNA

51
Q

What three factors determine if a cell eneters GO

A

Organisms stage in development, type of cell, and resources available

52
Q

What is the resting or non dividing stage

A

Go phase

53
Q

Ex permanently in Go

A

Neuron and muscle cells

54
Q

Leave Go profess example and divide again

A

Liver tissues

55
Q

What causes uncontrolled cell division at the genetic level

A

Mutations affecting proteins that regulate cell cycle

56
Q

What happens if APC gene is mutated

A

Trouble with cell differentiation phase, tumor

57
Q

What does mutated proto oncogenes cause vs tumor suppressor genes

A

Increase stimulation, loss of inhibition

58
Q

To cause cance proto oncogenes require __ allele(s) to be mutated and are consisdered __ . Results in

A

1
Dominant
Gain

59
Q

To cause cancer tumor suppressant genes require __ allele(s) to be mutated and are consisdered __ . Results in

A

2
Recessive
Loss

60
Q

Impact on cell cycle of proto oncogenes vs oncogene

A

Oncogene: normally stimulates growth
Proto: goes ahead it’s cycle when mutated

61
Q

Impact on the cell of one mutated tumor suppressor or two

A

One: cycle is okay
Two: mutant form of protein, cycle acts inappropriately

62
Q

Role of p53

A

Can stop cell cycle at many places so DNA can be replaced.

63
Q

What happens if both p53 alleles are mutated

A

The cell won’t receive a signal to apoptosis and cancer can develop

64
Q

Why do ppl with BRCA 1 gene have a higher likelihood of cancer

A

If someone inherits 1 mutated allele, they will develop cancer

65
Q

Potential outcome of MAD protein

A

Sister chromatids will be pulled apart to two daughter cells, unequal chromosomes

66
Q

Steps of mitosis

A

Prophase, meta, Ana, telo, cyto

67
Q

Mitosis phase,

: chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nucleolus breaks down

A

Prophase

68
Q

Mitosis stage: Chromosomes link up end to end, spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids

A

Metaphase

69
Q

Mitosis stage: Sister chromatids are pulled apart now spindle, pulling one chromatid to one pole, and other to opposite side

A

Anaphase

70
Q

Mitosis stage: At each pole of the cell, a full set of chromosomes game her, membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two nuclei, sign,e cell punches the middle to form the separated daughter cells

A

Telophase

71
Q

Order of the phases of interphase

A

G1: cellular content, chromosomes are duplicated
S phase: DNA replication and chromosome duplication
G2: cells grows and prepares for mitosis, checking for errors
Mitosis: divides into two daighter cells

71
Q

Two checkpoint areas in cycle

A

G1: checks growth factors and nutrients of cell
G2: checks of chromosomes replication is complete and no dna damage

71
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus dissolves, spindle is beginning to form

72
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes move to spindle, middle of the cell, centrosomes at both poles attach to microtuboules

73
Q

Anaphase

A

Pulls duplicated chromosomes apart to opposite poles . Centromeres split

AP BIOLOGY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions