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Biomechanics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

a sub discipline of kinesiology; application of mechanical properties in the study of living organisms; broken down into statics and dynamics which is then broken down into kinematics and kinetics

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2
Q

Statics

A

the study of systems in constant motion without acceleration (including zero motion)

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3
Q

Dynamics

A

study of systems subject to acceleration

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4
Q

Kinematics

A

study of the appearance or description of motion

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5
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of forces causing motion

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6
Q

Anthropometrics

A

factors including shape, size, and weight of body segments

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7
Q

Goals of Sport and Exercise Biomechanics

A

performance improvement; injury prevention and rehabilitation; both technique and equipment involved

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8
Q

Qualitative

A

description without using numbers (flexed, rotated, rigid, etc.)

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9
Q

Quantitative

A

involving numbers (time, distance, speed, etc.)

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10
Q

Sagittal Plane (definition and movements)

A

plane in which forward and backward movements occur; flexion, extension, hyperextension, and dorsiflexion

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11
Q

Frontal Plane (definition and movements)

A

plane in which lateral movements occur; abduction/adduction; lateral flexion; elevation/depression; inversion/eversion; radial/ulnar deviation

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12
Q

Transverse Plane (definition and movements)

A

plane in which rotational movements occur; left/right rotation; medial/lateral rotation; supination/pronation; horizontal abduction/adduction

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13
Q

Mediolateral Axis

A

axis around which rotations in the sagittal place occur

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14
Q

Anteroposterior Axis

A

axis around which rotations in the frontal plane occur

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15
Q

Longitudinal/Vertical Axis

A

axis around which rotational movements occur

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16
Q

Mass

A

quantity of matter composing a body; units in kg

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17
Q

Inertia

A

tendency to resist change in a state of motion; proportional to mass;

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18
Q

Force

A

a push or a pull; characterized by magnitude, direction, and point of application; units in Newtons

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19
Q

Torque

A

the rotary effect of a force; the angular equivalent of a force; T = Fd;

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20
Q

Center of Gravity

A

point around which a body’s weight is equally balanced in all directions; point that serves as an index of total body motion; point at which the weight vector acts; same as the center of mass; creates equal torques

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21
Q

Weight

A

attractive force that the earth exists on a body; the point of application of the weight force is a body’s center of gravity

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22
Q

Pressure

A

force per unit of area over which the force acts; describes force distribution within a fluid

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23
Q

Stress

A

force per unit of area over which the force acts; describes the force distribution within a solid

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24
Q

Volume

A

space occupied by a body; has three dimensions

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25
Q

Density

A

mass per unit of volume

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26
Q

Impulse

A

the product of force and the time over which the force acts

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27
Q

Compression

A

pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body

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28
Q

Tension

A

pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body

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29
Q

Bending

A

asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body’s longitudinal axis and compression on the other side

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30
Q

Torsion

A

load producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis

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31
Q

Deformation

A

a change in shape; occurs in correlation with load

32
Q

Yield Point

A

when deformation nears its maximum; when the material can no longer return to normal length; where “plastic region” occurs

33
Q

Repetitive Loading

A

repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude;

34
Q

Acute Loading

A

application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue;

35
Q

Synarthroses

A

immoveable joints; two types: sutures and syndesmoses

36
Q

Sutures

A

where bones first form a fibrous joint, then solidify together; in the skull

37
Q

Syndesmoses

A

where fibrous tissue binds bones together; the mid radio-ulnar joint;

38
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joints

39
Q

Synchondroses

A

wherein the articulating bones are joined by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; the sternocostal joints are examples of these

40
Q

Symphyses

A

a fibro-cartilagenous disc separating bones; ex: pubic symphysis

41
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moveable joints;

42
Q

Diarthroses: Characteristics

A

articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, associated bursae;

43
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

a protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces; spreads force over an area and lubricates the joint

44
Q

Articular Capsule

A

a double-layered membrane that surrounds the joint

45
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

a clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule

46
Q

Associated Bursae

A

small capsules filled with synovial fluid that cushion the structures they separate

47
Q

Articular Fibrocartilage

A

soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones;

48
Q

Articular Fibrocartilage: Functions

A

distributes loads over joint surfaces, improving the fit of articulations, limiting slip between articulating bones, protecting the joint periphery, lubricating the joint, absorbing shock at the joint

49
Q

Articular Connective Tissues

A

tendons (connect muscles to bones); ligaments (connect bones to bones)

50
Q

Diarthroses Classifications

A

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, or ball/socket

51
Q

Joint Stability

A

ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones

52
Q

Stability Relies on these Systems

A

neural subsystem (CNS, PNS), muscular subsystem (muscles, tendons, fascia), and osteoligamentous system (bony structures, joint capsules, ligaments, intervertebral discs)

53
Q

Factors that Increase Joint Stability

A

a closely reciprocating match of the articulating bone surfaces (close packed position); a strong array of ligaments and muscle tendons crossing the joint; absence of muscle fatigue

54
Q

Joint Mobility

A

a description of the relative ranges of motion allowed at joint in different directions

55
Q

Range of Motion

A

the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction; measured from anatomical position

56
Q

Osteokinematics

A

larger bone on bone movements; referred to as “physiologic motion”; flexion, external rotation, etc.

57
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

smaller bone on bone movements that accompany physiologic motion; referred to as “accessory motion”; roll, glide, spin, etc.

58
Q

Roll

A

many points on one articulating surface come in contact with many points on another surface

59
Q

Glide

A

a specific point on one articulating surface meets many points on another surface

60
Q

Spin

A

a specific point on one surface stays in contact with specific points on another surface

61
Q

Convex-Concave Rule

A

describes accessory motion of a joint based on shape of moving part; convex portion roll and glide occur in opposite directions; concave portion roll and glide occur in the same direction

62
Q

Factors Influencing Joint Mobility

A

intervening bony or muscle tissue or fat at the end of the ROM; tightness/laxity in the muscle and collagenous tissue crossing a joint; muscle fatigue

63
Q

Techniques for Increasing Joint Mobility

A

joint mobilization, stretching, sensory receptors

64
Q

Mobilization

A

designed to reduce pain and improve joint mobility associated with restriction due to capsular tightness;

65
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

inhibit tension in muscle and initiate tension development in antagonists; within tendons near the muscle-tendon junction in series with muscle fibers; promotes stretch in muscle being loaded

66
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

provokes reflex contraction in stretched muscle and inhibit tension in antagonists; interspersed among muscle fibers in parallel with the fiber; inhibit stretch in muscle being stretched

67
Q

Active Stretching

A

produced by active development of tension in the antagonist muscles

68
Q

Passive Stretching

A

produced by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles

69
Q

Ballistic Stretching

A

a series of quick, bouncing type stretches

70
Q

Static Stretching

A

maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time (usually about thirty seconds)

71
Q

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

A

a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched

72
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

a common degenerative disease of articular cartilage; symptoms include pain, swelling, ROM, restriction, and stiffness; cause is unknown; both too little and too much mechanical stress seems to produce development

73
Q

Total Joint Replacement

A

arthritic joint is replaced with a prosthesis; performed when patient can no longer tolerate pain due to damaged hyaline cartilage; can be performed on knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, ankle, wrist, and fingers; knee is most common

74
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the joint or synovium that can lead to pain and permanent damage; unknown cause; a chronic disease with frequent flares in disease activity; systemic disease; no cure but medications, exercise, and joint protections can help a little

75
Q

Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

swelling of synovial lining; rapid division ad growth of cells causing the synovium to thicken; inflamed cells release enzymes that digest bone and cartilage

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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