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Biomechanics > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable joints; has two types

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2
Q

Sutures

A

an example of a synarthroses; completely immovable; bone on bone

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3
Q

Syndesmoses

A

an example of a synarthroses where fibrous tissue binds bones together; ex: mid-radio-ulnar joint

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4
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joints; two types:

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5
Q

Synchondroses

A

wherein the articulating bones are joined by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage; the sternocostal joints;

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6
Q

Symphyses

A

disc separating bones via fibrocartilage; typical of a symphysis joint (pubic symphysis)

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7
Q

Articular Fibrocartilage

A

soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones, as exemplified by the menisci in the knee; cushions and absorbs shock; deepens joints; distributes load over joints; limits slip between bones; protects bone periphery; lubricates joint

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8
Q

Diarthroses/Synovial

A

freely moveable joints; characterized by articular cartilage, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, and bursae

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9
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

hyalin cartilage; a protective layer of dense white CT covering the articulating bone surfaces; spreads load over a wide area, thereby reducing contact stress; provides lubrication that minimizes friction and mechanical wear

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10
Q

Articular Capsule

A

a double-layered membrane that surrounds the joint; range of mobility depends on various joints

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11
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

a clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule

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12
Q

Associated Bursae

A

small capsules filled with synovial fluid that cushion the structures they separate;

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13
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursae; common in trochanter space, knee, hip (posts sliding over pubic bone), etc.

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14
Q

Joint Stability

A

ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones

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15
Q

Instability

A

joints move too far and have symptoms due to this;

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16
Q

Laxity

A

far movement of joints with no symptoms

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17
Q

Functional Stability Dependent On:

A

neural subsystem, muscular subsystem, and osteoligamentous subsystem

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18
Q

Neural Subsystem

A

CNS and PNS

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19
Q

Muscular Subsystem

A

muscles and their tendons and fascia

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20
Q

Osteoligamentous Subsystem

A

bony sxs, joint capsules, ligaments, intervertebral discs; passive subsystem

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21
Q

Close Packed

A

where the joints are touching the most; stability is maximal here;

22
Q

Open Packed

A

where the joints are touching the lease; where mobilizations should begin

23
Q

Factors that Increase Joint Stability

A

less mobile joints are more stable while more mobile joints are less stable; a strong array of ligaments an muscle tendons crossing the joint; and absence of muscle fatigue

24
Q

Joint Mobility

A

a description of the relative ranges of motion allowed at a joint in different directions

25
Q

Range of Motion

A

the angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction;

26
Q

Osteokinematics

A

physiological range of movement; larger bone on bone movements; flexion, extension, adduction, rotation, etc.

27
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

smaller bone to bone movements that accompany physiologic motion; referred to as “accessory motion”; roll, glide, and spin

28
Q

Roll

A

when many points on one articulating surface comes in contact with many points on another surface

29
Q

Glide

A

a specific point on one articulating surface meets many points on another surface; could be in the same or opposite direction of roll

30
Q

Spin

A

specific points on one surface stay in contact with specific points on another surface

31
Q

Convex/Concave Rule

A

describes accessory motion of a joint based on the shape of the moving part

32
Q

Convex Portion

A

roll and glide occur in opposite directions; ex: humerus moving at glenoid

33
Q

Concave Portion

A

roll and glide occur in the same direction; ex: ulna moving on humerus

34
Q

Gliding Joints

A

joints that slide up and down; parallel to each other; the carpal bones

35
Q

Hinge Joints

A

ex: elbow; where bones can only move in one axis (flexion/extension)

36
Q

Pivot Joints

A

pure rotation joints; C1/C2 joints

37
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

permits movement in two planes; a condyle and an elliptical joint; ex: the knee

38
Q

Saddle Joint

A

ex: the thumb; same movement as condyloid joint; one saddle like bone joints with another

39
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

one spherical end of a bone sits in a socket; hip and shoulder

40
Q

Factors to Increase Joint Mobility

A

joint mobilization, sensory receptors, stretching

41
Q

Joint Mobilization

A

slightly moving the joint; not necessarily mechanical but neurophysiological; designed to reduce pain and improve joint mobility associated with capsule tightness; doesn’t cause a lot of plastic change

42
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

increase in muscle tension causes this to inhibit tension in the agonist and to initiate tension in the antagonist; promotes stretch;

43
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

increase in muscle length causes this to initiate a rapid contraction of stretched muscle and to inhibit tension in the antagonist; inhibits stretch

44
Q

Active Stretching

A

produced by active development of tension in the antagonist muscles

45
Q

Passive Stretching

A

produced by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles

46
Q

Ballistic Stretching

A

a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches

47
Q

Static Stretching

A

maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time (usually about thirty seconds, two to four reps)

48
Q

PNF

A

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitino; a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation that activates the GTO to facilitate stretch

49
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

a common degenerative disease of articular cartilage; causes unknown; pain, swelling, ROM restriction, and stiffness

50
Q

Total Joint Replacement

A

arthritic joint is replaced with a prothesis; performed when patient can no longer tolerate pain due to damaged hyaline cartilage; can be performed on knee, hip, shoulder, etc.

51
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the joint or synovium that can lead to pain and permanent damage; causes ulnar drift; chronic disease with frequent flares; systemic disease; no cure; exercise and joint protection can help along with medication; joint is literally eaten away;

52
Q

Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

swelling of synovial lining, rapid division and growth of cells causing thick synovial fluid, and finally digestion of bone and cartilage

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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