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Biomechanics > Biomechanics Test 1 (New Stuff) > Flashcards

Biomechanics Test 1 (New Stuff) Flashcards

1
Q

The Human Spine: Functions

A

protects the spinal cord, provides mobility to the trunk, provides stability to the trunk; absorbs and transmits forces; provides tendon and ligament attachment sites

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2
Q

Human Spine: Organization

A

24 Moveable Vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar); 8-10 fused vertebrae (5 sacral and 3-5 coccyx)

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3
Q

Human Spine: Motion Segment

A

two adjacent vertebrae and the soft tissues between them; considered the functional unit of the spine

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4
Q

Spinal Curves - Primary

A

thoracic and sacral; present at birth; both in kyphosis (

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5
Q

Spinal Curves - Secondary

A

cervical and lumbar; develop from supporting the body in an upright position; both in lordosis

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6
Q

Spinal Curves

A

allows spine to absorb more shock without injury than if the spine were straight

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7
Q

Lumbar Spine: structural differences

A

spinous processes thick and straight, larger vertebral discs and vertebral bodies, slight wedge shaping from L/S curvature

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8
Q

Lumbar Spine: Structure

A

5 vertebrae, named L1-L5

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9
Q

Zygapophyseal Joints

A

superior and inferior articulating facets allow junction between adjacent vertebrae; plane synovial joints (joint capsule present); orientation changes with spinal location and determines available movement

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10
Q

Lumbar Spine: Ligaments

A

anterior longitudinal ligament (anterior length of spine), posterior longitudinal ligament (runs posterior surface from sacrum to C2), and supraspinous ligament (runs the length of the spine posteriorly over the spinous processes)

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11
Q

Lumbar Spine: nerve roots

A

exit through the intervertebral foramen; responsible for motor and sensory functions; status of intervertebral disc and facet joint has a direct impact on the health of the nerve roots

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12
Q

L.S.: flexors

A

abdominals, psoas

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13
Q

L.S.: extensors

A

iliocostalis lumborum, longisimus, interspinalis, intertransversi, and psoas

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14
Q

L.S.: Rotators/Extensors

A

mulitfidus, rotatorus

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15
Q

L.S.: Lateral Flexors

A

abdominus, quatratus laborum

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16
Q

Lumbar Spine: osteokinematics

A

Flexion/Extension greatest at lower segments L3-5; Lateral Flexion greatest at thoracolumbar junction at L3-5; Rotation the same throughout

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17
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Flexion

A

facet joints move apart (intervertebral foramen opens)

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18
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Extension

A

facet joints come together (intervertebral foramen closes)

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19
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Sidebend

A

on the right, the facet joints on right close and joints on left open; on the left, the facet joints on left close and joints on right open

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20
Q

L.S.: Arthrokinematics: Rotation

A

on the left, facet joints on left close and joints on right open; on the right, facet joints on right close and joints on left open

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21
Q

Coupled Motion

A

increases range of motion; changes depend on spinal rotation

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22
Q

L.S.: Coupled Motion: Flexion

A

sideband and rotation are coupled together; ROM will be greater with left sideband and left rotation

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23
Q

L.S.: Coupled Motion: Extension or Neutral

A

sideband and rotation are opposite; ROM will be greater when side bending left and rotating right

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24
Q

Disk Herniations

A

a protrusion of part of the nucleus pulpous from the annulus of the spinal disk; most common between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae; part of the disk

25
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

forward displacement of a vertebrae

26
Q

Facet Joint Syndrome

A

physical or chemical irritation of the medial branch nerve in the spine sends pain messages up to the brain

27
Q

Spinal Stenosis

A

when the spinal nerve roots in the lower back become compressed and can produce sciatica; mimics symptoms of vascular insufficiency; mostly between L4-5 or L3-4

28
Q

Thoracic Spine: Structural Differences

A

longer, thinner, and angled spinous processes; wider transverse processes; vertebrae articulate with the ribs

29
Q

T.S.: Organization

A

12 vertebrae and 12 ribs; 1-7 are true ribs, 8-10 are false ribs, 11-12 are floating ribs

30
Q

T.S.: Joints

A

include facet joints and articulations with the rib cage

31
Q

T.S.: Joints: Anterior articulations of the rib cage

A

manubriosternal joint and xiphisternal joint; not a lot of motion

32
Q

T.S.: Joints: Posterior articulations with rib cage

A

costovertebral joints and costotransverse joints (between transverse process and rib)

33
Q

T.S.: Joints: Costovertebral Joints

A

synovial joints, articulation between vertebral body and rib; single articulation at T1, T10-12; dual articulation from T2-T9 (same level and level above)

34
Q

T.S.: Flexors

A

same as lumbar spine

35
Q

T.S.: Extensors

A

same as lumbar spine; also includes iliocostalis thoracic, longissimus, spinals thoracic, and semispinalis

36
Q

T.S.: Lateral Flexors

A

same as lumbar spine

37
Q

T.S.: Rib Kinematics

A

upper ribs (1-6) have a pump handle motion (anterior to posterior); middle ribs (7-10) have a bucket handle motion (medial to lateral); lower ribs (11-12) have a caliper action that opens up anteriorly

38
Q

T.S.: Ventilatory Muscles: Primary and Secondary

A

primary are the diaphragm, intercostals, and scalenes; secondary are any muscle that attaches to the rib cage to the shoulder girdle, head, or vertebral column

39
Q

T.S.: Breathing

A

diaphragm does 70-80% of inspiration action during quiet breathing; contraction leads to inspiration, relaxation leads to exhalation

40
Q

T.S.: Pathologies

A

scoliosis, hypo mobility, costovertebral disorders, compression fractures, disc herniations

41
Q

T.S.: Scoliosis

A

idiopathic, genetic, or congenital; named by convex side; structural due to bony deformity or non-structural due to functional scoliosis (postural, leg length discrepancy, muscle spasm); right scoliosis causes a left sidebend and a right rotation; rib hump on right

42
Q

Thoracic Hypomobility

A

T5-7; worst region is in the inter scapular region due to the way we all sit at computers

43
Q

Compression Fractures

A

when a bone in the spine collapses; happens most due to too much pressure on the body; a combo of bending forward and downward pressure; many reasons such as osteoporosis

44
Q

Costovertebral Disorders

A

disorders affecting or involving the costotransverse and costovertebral joints and ligaments

45
Q

Cervical Spine: Structural Differences

A

smaller vertebral bodies, transverse foramen present (contains vertebral artery and vein), bifid spinous process (C2-C6), and atlas and axis (C1 and C2)

46
Q

C.S.: Organization

A

upper cervical spine (C1) and lower cervical spine (C2-T1)

47
Q

C.S.: Ligaments

A

Apical ligament (dens to occiput), alar ligament (dens to occiput), and transverse ligament (atlas to atlas holding dens against atlas)

48
Q

C.S.: Flexors

A

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis, longus colli

49
Q

C.S.: Extensors

A

splenius capitis, splenius crevicis, semispinalis

50
Q

C.S.: Lateral Flexors

A

sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, scalenus anterior/posterior/medius

51
Q

C.S.: Nerve Roots

A

eight nerve roots (C1-8); very little room due to compactness of cervical spine (high risk of injury)

52
Q

C.S.: Facet Joints: Upper Cervical Spine

A

occiput- c1: mainly flexion/extension

C1-C2: more than 1/2 of total cervical spine rotation occurs here

53
Q

C.S.: Facet Joints: Lower Cervical Spine

A

most flexion/extension at C5-6, but also a lot at C4-5 and C6-7; most degeneration at C5-6 followed by adjacent levels

54
Q

C.S.: Coupled Motion: O-C1

A

flexion in opposite directions; extension or neutral in opposite directions

55
Q

C.S.: Coupled Motion: C1-C7

A

flexion in the same directions; extension or neutral in the same directions

56
Q

C.S.: Pathologies

A

whiplash injuries, disc herniations, spinal stenosis, cervical instability

57
Q

Whiplash Injuries

A

when the neck undergoes sudden acceleration and deceleration; shear force and extension moment at the junction between the cervical and thoracic spines are the underlying mechanisms causing neck motion and potential energy

58
Q

Cervical Instability

A

dens not staying attached to the atlas; shifting or slipping of the vertebrae

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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