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Biomechanics > Biomechanics Test 2 > Flashcards

Biomechanics Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Elbow- Function

A

shortening and lengthening of arm for positioning of hand; provides stability for use of wrist and hand

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2
Q

Forearm- Function

A

mobility through pronation/supination to assist in the positioning of the hand

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3
Q

Elbow Complex- General Structure

A

uniaxial, diarthrodial hinge joint; 1 degree of freedom of motion (transverse plane); 6 ligaments and 4 muscles involved with the two joints; elbow joints and proximal radioulnar joint are enclosed in the same joint capsule

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4
Q

Elbow Complex: axis of motion

A

slight angulation from medial to lateral

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5
Q

Elbow Complex: Carrying Angle

A

configuration of articulating surfaces results in normal valgus angle when in extension and supination; increased angle is termed cubitus valgus; women have more valgus

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6
Q

Elbow Complex: Joint Stability

A

joint capsule, ligaments, and close packed position

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7
Q

Elbow Complex- Ligaments

A

ulnar collateral ligament (MCL): resists valgus stress; radial collateral ligamen (LCL): resists varus stress

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8
Q

Elbow Complex- closed pack position

A

humeroulnar joint is most stable when in full extension; humeroradial joint is most stable when in full flexion

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9
Q

Elbow Complex: Osteokinematics

A

flexion and extension; normal range of motion 0-150 degrees

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10
Q

Elbow Complex: Arthrokinematics-Flexion

A

Concave: ulna and radius roll and glide anteriorly
Convex: humerus rolls anteriorly and glides posteriorly

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11
Q

Elbow Complex: Arthrokinematics- Extension

A

Concave: ulna and radius roll and glide posteriorly
Convex: humerus rolls posteriorly and glides anteriorly

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12
Q

Elbow Complex: roll/glide rules

A

roll for convex is always the same for concave; radius and ulna are the concave portion; humerus is the convex portion

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13
Q

Forearm Structure: Superior

A

proximal radioulnar joint; a pivot joint; articulation between ulnar radial notch, annular ligament, capitulum of humerus and radial head

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14
Q

Forearm Structure: Inferior

A

distal radioulnar joint; pivot joint; articulation between ulnar notch of radius, head of ulna, and articular disc (TFCC)

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15
Q

Forearm: Osteokinematics

A

longitudinal axis from center of radial head to center of ulnar head; pronation (0-80 degrees) and supination (0-90 degrees)

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16
Q

Forearm: Pathologies

A

Compression injuries, distraction injuries, valgus and varus ligament injuries; lateral epicondylitis; medial epicondylitis

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17
Q

Forearm: compression injuries

A

fall on an outstretched hand; can lead to radial head olecranon, or coronoid processes fracture; you could dislocate your capitate or fracture the end of your radius

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18
Q

Forearm: Distraction Injuries

A

radial head may slip out of annular ligament with enough longitudinal force; small children are particularly susceptible due to the radial head not being fully developed; commonly caused when a child is unexpectedly pulled or lifted by the arm (NS not turning on)

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19
Q

Forearm: Varus/Valgus Ligament Injuries

A

UCL and RCA in throwers may become overstretched or torn resulting in pain and laxity; UCL tears are much more common than RCL; RCL probably due to dislocation;

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20
Q

Forearm: Lateral Epicondylitis

A

usually seen in racquet sports where increased demand is placed on wrist extensors; all of these originate in the lateral epicondylitis; leads to microscopic tears; can eventually lead to tendon tear

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21
Q

Forearm: Medial Epicondylitis

A

often seen in tennis serve and golf swing when the elbow is extended and the pronator theres, flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnas are active; not as common as lateral; much stronger than extensors

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22
Q

Wrist Joint: Function

A

controls the multi-articular muscles of the wrist and hand; fine adjustment of grip; often open chain movements; the most complex joint of the human body

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23
Q

Wrist or Carpus: Structure

A

includes radoiocarpal and mid carpal joints;

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24
Q

Wrist Structure: degrees of freedom

A

2 degrees of freedom; radial and ulnar deviation and flexion/extension

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25
Q

Wrist: Radiocarpal Joint

A

Proximally- radius and radioulnar disk; distally- scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum; TFCC acts to cushion compressive loads on the wrist

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26
Q

TFCC

A

Triangular fibrocartilaginous complex

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27
Q

Wrist: Midcarpal Joints

A

proximally: scaphoid, lunate triquetrum; distally: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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28
Q

Wrist: Intercarpal Joints

A

scaphoid to lunate; a gliding or planar joint; articulations between carpal bones; proximal row is more mobile than the distal row

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29
Q

Wrist: Ligamentous Support

A

responsible for providing articular stability and guiding and checking motion; extrinsic ligaments connect radius or ulna to metacarpals; intrinsic ligaments connect carpals to carpals

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30
Q

Wrist: Arches of the Wrist and Hand

A

Proximal transverse arch (runs over distal carpal row), distal transverse arch (metacarpal arch), and longitudinal arch (connects the two transverse arches)

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31
Q

Wrist and Hand: Osteokinematics

A

Sagittal plane motion (mediolateral axis)- flexion and extension; frontal plane (anteroposterior axis)- radial/ulnar deviation

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32
Q

Wrist and Hand: Arthrokinematics: radius and radioulnar disk

A

concave; flexion-anterior roll and glide; extension-posterior roll and glide; ulnar deviation- medial roll and glide; radial deviation- lateral roll and glide

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33
Q

Wrist and Hand: arthrokinematics: proximal carpal row

A

convex side; flexion- anterior roll posterior glide; extension-posterior roll anterior glide; ulnar deviation- medial roll, lateral glide; radial deviation- lateral roll, medial glide

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34
Q

Finger Structure

A

Finger rays; one ray includes one metacarpal and three phalanges (two in the thumb); numbered from radial side to ulnar side (1-5)

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35
Q

Fingers: Joints

A

carpometacarpal joints (between distal carpal row and metacarpals); metacarpophalangeal joints (articulation between metacarpals and phalanges); and interphalangeal joints (articulations between adjacent phalanges)

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36
Q

Fingers: Thumb Structure

A

CMC joint: forms a saddle joint between the first metacarpal base and the trapezium; allows for a wide range of motion; the most important motion of the thumb is opposition

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37
Q

Opposition

A

allows for the thumb to touch the tip of each finger

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38
Q

Wrist and Hand: Muscular Activity of the Wrist

A

flexor carpi ulnaris- the most powerful motor of the wrist and hand; places the hand in flexion and in ulnar deviation; the pisiform increases power by increasing the lever arm; flexors are greater than twice as strong as the extensors

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39
Q

Wrist and Hand: Muscular Activity of the Hand

A

extrinsic muscles are responsible for placing and changing the shape of the working hand; intrinsic muscles are responsible for maintaining the configuration of the three arches in the hand

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40
Q

Wrist and Hand: Power Grip

A

all three finger joints are held in a flexed position and the wrist is slightly extended to tighten the wrist flexor tendons; includes the cylindrical, spherical, and hook grips

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41
Q

Wrist and Hand: Precision Grip

A

involves the use of the thumb and fingers to manipulate a small object in a controlled manner; includes the pad to pad, tip to tip, and pad to side grips

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42
Q

Wrist and Hand: Pathologies

A

carpal tunnel syndrome, ligament sprains, colles’ fracture, deQuervain’s tenosynovitis, scaphoid or lunate fracture, osteoarthritis of the thumb

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43
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

where median nerve runs through to the hand; can show atrophy in the phenar eminence and intrinsic muscles; more common in women; rarely affects young people; most often compression in the carpal tunnel; may be due to vascular insuficiency

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44
Q

Ligament Sprains

A

usually due to a fall on an outstretched hand; may lead to chronic wrist pain if left untreated; lunate/capitate and radiocarpal ligaments are most commonly involved

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45
Q

Colles’ Fracture

A

refers to an extra-articular fracture of the distal radius; may also include fracture of the ulna; one of the most common fractures; commonly affects older people and are more common in women due to osteoporosis

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46
Q

DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis

A

relatively common; inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheath covering the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus; results in pain and limited thumb/wrist rang of motion

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47
Q

Scaphoid Fracture/Lunate Dislocation

A

Fall on an outstretched hand in a younger person; scaphoid may fracture on impact or the radius may cause the lunate to dislocate towards the palm; at risk for avascular necrosis;

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48
Q

Osteoarthritis of the Thumb

A

more common in women; typically bilateral but can be unilateral with trauma or overuse; erosion of the CMC saddle joint leads to pain and subluxation; ultimately strength and function are diminished

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49
Q

Shoulder Complex: components

A

shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle, proximal humerus, AC joint); glenohumeral joint (glenoid fossa of scapula and proximal humerus)

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50
Q

Shoulder Complex: functions

A

shoulder girdle provides stability and mobility but also has very active muscles and neural activation to control and stabilize; glenohumeral joint positions upper extremity

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51
Q

Shoulder Girdle Articulations

A

scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular joint

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52
Q

Scapulothoracic Joint

A

shoulder blade on thoracic cage; snapping scapula syndrome can cause the scapula to bump over the ribs; premier example of dynamic stability in the human body; almost 19 muscles have attachments to the scapula

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53
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A

a modified ball and socket; larger ROM

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54
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

acromion of the scapula to the clavicle; AC joint separation is common

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55
Q

Shoulder Complex- Scapulothoracic Joint- Kinematics

A

no joint or capsule or cartilage; elevation/depression, upward/downward rotation; anterior/posterior tipping; protraction/retraction

56
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

articulation between glenoid fossa and humeral head covered in hyaline cartilage; glenodi fossa is shallow and can contain only 1/3 of the diameter of the humeral head;

57
Q

Shoulder Complex- Glenohumeral Joint- Stability

A

provided by articular cartilage, glenoid labrum, capsule, and musculature

58
Q

Shoulder Complex- glenoid labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous rim that serves to increase stability (provides 50% of overall glenohumeral depth)

59
Q

Shoulder Capsule: Glenohumeral joint capsule

A

provides a stabilizing role and tightens with various arm positions; twice the size of the humeral head; frozen shoulder is a shrinking of this capsule that, in a specific pattern, limits various directions of motion

60
Q

Shoulder Complex: Coraco-Acromial Arch

A

covers the humeral head and creates a space for the subacromial bursa; supraspinatus tendon and biceps brachii long head tendon; protects underlying structures from trauma; major site of dysfunction in the upper extremity

61
Q

Shoulder Complex: subacromial pain syndrome

A

we all have some kind of impingement in this space, but only some have pain

62
Q

Shoulder Complex: arthrokinematics

A

how the humerus (convex) moves on the glenoid (concave); mostly in an open-chain movement

63
Q

Shoulder Complex: arthrokinematics of movemnets

A

flexion- superior roll and postero-inferior glide; external rotation- posterior roll and anterior glide; internal flexion- anterior roll and posterior glide

64
Q

Shoulder Complex: scapulohumeral Rhythm

A

scapula, humerus, and clavicle moving to achieve full arm elevation; 180 degrees total motion is normal; 120 from glenohumeral and 60 from the scapulothoracic joint

65
Q

Shoulder Complex: arm elevation- 0-30 degrees

A

primarily glenohumeral; supraspinatus and deltoid

66
Q

Shoulder Complex: arm elevation- 30-180 degrees

A

scapulothoracic and glenohumeral movement at a 2:1 ratio (upper rotation); upper and lower trapezius along with serratus anterior

67
Q

Shoulder Complex: pathologies

A

sub-acromial pain syndrome; adhesive capsulitis; shoulder instability;

68
Q

Sub-Acromial Pain Syndrome

A

superior translation of the humeral head into the subacromial space; most common form of shoulder pain; probably more complex than that; can lead to bursitis, rotator cuff tear, biceps long head tear

69
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis

A

frozen shoulder; capsular tightening of unknown etiology; more common in women and middle-aged elderly individuals; can be hormonal; maybe a progression of rotator cuff inflammation that spreads to the joint capsule; ROM is continually lost and pain increases

70
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis: 3 stages

A

freezing (cortisone can be helpful; gradually loses ROM; pain); frozen (no pain but frozen); and thawing (regaining ROM)

71
Q

Shoulder Complex: shoulder instability

A

dislocation is losing 100% of contact between the humeral head and the glenoid fossa; anything less is subluxation

72
Q

Shoulder Complex:Labral Tear

A

can occur due to subluxing or dislocation; tearing the labrum of the glenoid

73
Q

Traumatic Dislocation

A

only 15% success rate with conservative therapy; related to a specific injury; usually unidirectional and unilateral

74
Q

Atraumatic Dislocation

A

no injury but very lax shoulders (with symptoms) usually bilateral and multidirectional (85% success rate with conservative therapy); usually genetic

75
Q

Extensibility

A

muscle’s ability to be stretched or to increase in length

76
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to return to normal resting length following a stretch

77
Q

Parallel Elastic Component

A

passive elasticity derived from muscle membranes

78
Q

Series Elastic Component

A

passive elasticity derived from tendons when a tensed muscle is stretched

79
Q

Stretch/Shortening cyclee

A

eccentric contraction followed immediately by concentric contraction; eccentric contraction leads to storing energy which adds to concentric contraction; muscle acts like a spring; good for power

80
Q

Irritability

A

muscle’s ability to respond to a stimulus

81
Q

Muscle Fiber

A

a single muscle cell surrounded by a membrane called the sarcolemma and containing specialized cytoplasm called cytoplasm

82
Q

Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle

A

sarcomere (the basic structural unit of the muscle; the alternating dark and light bands give muscle is striations); motor unit (single motor neuron and all fibers it innervates)

83
Q

Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber

A

reach peak tension and relax more quickly than slow twitch fibers; have greater tension

84
Q

Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber

A

peak tension is typically slower and less forceful than fast twitch

85
Q

Parallel Fiber Arrangement

A

fibers are roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle; biceps brachii, sartorius;

86
Q

Pennate Fiber Arrangement

A

short fibers attach to one or more tendons with the muscles; gastrocnemius; angle of pennation increases as tension progressively increses

87
Q

Motor Unit Recruitment Order

A

slow twitch fibers are easier to activate than fast twitch fibers; increasing speed, force, or duration of movement involves progressive recruitment of MUs with higher activation thresholds

88
Q

Concentric Movement

A

involves shortening of muscle; against what gravity is tending to cause

89
Q

Eccentric Movement

A

involves lengthening of muscle

90
Q

Isometric Movement

A

involving no change in movement;

91
Q

Stabilizers

A

act to stabilize a body part against some other force

92
Q

Neutraliers

A

act to eliminate an unwanted action produced by an agonist; example-prevents biceps from supinating arm during hammer curl

93
Q

Active Insufficiency

A

failure to produce force when slack; decreased ability to form a fist when in wrist flxion

94
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

restriction of joint range of motion when fully stretched; fingers and elbow need to be flexed to find true ROM of wrist

95
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship

A

when resistance (force) is negligible, muscle contracts with maximal velocity; velocity decreases as force goes up; there is an isometric maximum where velocity is 0

96
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

tension present in a stretched muscle is the sum of the active tension provided by the muscle fibers and the passive tension provided by the tendons and membranes; when muscle length is short, there is no force or contraction that can occur; force is maximal when sarcomere is the perfect length to allow all of the myosin to pull on actin

97
Q

Electromechanical Delay

A

time between arrival of a neural stimulus and tension development by the muscle (30-100ms)

98
Q

Muscular Strength

A

the amount of torque a muscle group can generate at a joint; torque is the force that has a tendency to rotate an object

99
Q

Factors Influencing Muscular Strength

A

Tension (cross sectional area and neuromuscular efficiency) and moment arms of the muscles crossing the joint (distance between muscle attachment and joint center; angle of the muscle’s attachment)

100
Q

Muscular Power

A

the product of muscular force and the velocity of muscle shortening; the rate of torque production

101
Q

Muscular Endurance

A

the ability of muscle to exert tension over a period of time;

102
Q

Muscle Temperature

A

the warmer a muscle is, the faster the speeds of nerves and muscle function

103
Q

Strain

A

injury to muscle; deformation of tissue; combination of stretch and load; usually during eccentric contractions; “popping sarcomere” when sarcomeres can become weaker and tear;

104
Q

Tendinopathy-Symptoms

A

injury to a tendon; mechanism is not clearly understood; repetitive strain can lead to tendon degeneration; both mechanical and material properties change;

105
Q

Tendinopathy- Treatment

A

METH- movement, elevation, traction heat; or RICE- rest, ice, compression, and elevation; isometric contractions and eccentric contraction can induce hypoalgesia and desensitize the tendons to pain

106
Q

Skeletal System: Function

A

protection, support, link and levers, and is a site for muscle attachments

107
Q

Bone Stiffness

A

stress/strain in a loaded material; stress divided by the relative amount of change in shape

108
Q

Bone Compressive Strength

A

ability to resist compression;

109
Q

What contributes to stiffness and compressive strength?

A

Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate; smoking and caffeine can leech phosphorus

110
Q

What affects bone strength?

A

bone porosity, bone structure,

111
Q

Bone Porosity

A

the amount of bone volume filled with pores or cavities; the less the pores, the stiffer the bone, thus can withstand greater stress but less strain; with more porosity, the bone can withstand less stress but greater strain

112
Q

Bone Structure

A

bone is anisotropic; it has different strength and stiffness depending on the direction of the load; bone is strongest in resisting compression, ok at resisting tension, weakest in resisting shear force

113
Q

Cortical Bone

A

compact mineralized bone with low porosity; found in the shafts of long bones

114
Q

Trabecular or Cancellous Bone

A

less compact bone with high porosity; found in the ends of long bones and the vertebrae; allows for the ends of bones to not give in to gravity

115
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

116
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

bones composing the body appendages

117
Q

Short Bones

A

approximately cubical; include the carpals and tarsals

118
Q

Flat Bones

A

protect organs and provide surfaces for muscle attachments; include the scapulae, sternum, ribs, patellae, and some bones of the skull

119
Q

Irregular Bones

A

have different shapes to serve different functions; include vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and maxilla

120
Q

Long Bones

A

from the framework of the appendicular skeleton; include the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

121
Q

How do bones respond to training?

A

the densities, the sizes, and the shapes of bones are determined by the magnitude and direction of the acting forces (SAID principle)

122
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts are continually building and resorbing bone; increased or decreased mechanical stress leads to a predominance of osteoblast or osteoclast activity respectively; weight bearing programs promote bone density

123
Q

What tends to diminish bone density?

A

lack of weight bearing exercise; spending time in the water; bed rest; traveling in space; cycling

124
Q

Osteoporosis-general

A

disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with pain and one or more fractures resulting from daily activity;

125
Q

Osteoporosis- type I

A

postmenopausal; osteoporosis affects about 40% of women after age 50

126
Q

Osteoporosis- type II

A

age-associated; osteoporosis affects most women and men after age 70

127
Q

Osteoporosis-Treatment

A

postmenopausal hormone replacement; dietary calcium and vitamin D; avoid smoking, caffeine, and alcohol

128
Q

Geenstick Fracture

A

one side of bone is broken, the other side is bent (in children)

129
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

broken into 3 or more pieces (shattered)

130
Q

Stress Fracture

A

tiny cracks in the bone due to repetitive application of force

131
Q

Fatigue Fractures

A

normal bone subject to repeated forces and does not have time to repair

132
Q

Insufficiency Fractures

A

a weak bone (osteoporosis) fails under routine activity

133
Q

Risk Factors for stress fractures

A

high impact sports, poor dynamic shock absorption, sudden shift from inactivity to frequent exercise, females with amenrorhea

134
Q

Stress Fracture Prevention

A

start exercise programs gradually, avoid prolonged activity, avoid sudden changes in type of exercise or intensity; train to improve shock absorption/decrease ground reaction force; cross-training; use proper equipment

135
Q

Osgood Schlatter Disease

A

overuse condition that develops in adolescents due to repetitive tension of patellar tendon on the immature tibial tuberosity;

136
Q

Osgood Schlatter Disease- treatment

A

rest from high-load quad activities; stretchingof quadriceps and adequate warmup/cool down

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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