Test 1 Flashcards
Autoregulation (intrinsic)
systems involved
cells, tissues, or organ systems, localized response
Extrinsic regulation systems involved
- Nervous system or endocrine system
- sends signals to cells, tissue,s organs, or organ systems
- results in widespread response
causes of homeostatic mechanisms being pushed outside of normal limits and results
- infection, injury, genetic abnormality
- disease, death
what are symptoms
-subjective
what a person describes or measures that’s not easily measurable
what are signs
- objective
- what is physically observable or measureable
Cell membrane functions
- physical isolation
- selectively permeable membrane to regulate w/ environment
- sensitivity and recognition
- structural support
what’s glycocalyx
on extracellular surface of cell membrane
-sugar groups attached to membrane lipids and membrane proteins
Function of membrane proteins and carbs
- transport proteins
- channel proteins
- anchoring
- cell identity
- receptors
proteasomes
digest damaged or abnormal proteins
peroxisomes
enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins
lysosomes
vesicles w/ multiple types of enzymes
- digens organelles, engulfed materials,
- responsibly for autolysis of injured cells
Differentiation
production of specialized cells by turning certain genes on and off
germinative cells
adult stem cells in tissues for grown and repair
four types of tissues
neural, muscle, epithelial, connective
Connective tissue
- structural framework
- transports materials
- protects and supports organs
- interconnects and supports other tissues
- stores energy reserves
- defense agains invading microogranism
Epithelium intracellular connections
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
desmosomes
really strong connections
gap junctions
-have holes that move around the cell
exocrine glands
secrete through ducts onto the surface of the epithelium
endocrine glands
release hormones into surrounding interisital fluid, which diffuses through the blood stream
Merocrine
product released through exocytosis
apocrine
involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm
holocrine
destroys the cell
ph of blood
7.35-7.45
acidosis
abnormally low blood pH
Alkalosis
abnormally high blood pH
Carbohydrates
C,H,O
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
lipids
C, H, O,
fatty acids
saturate, unsaturated, omega-3
triglycerides
3(fatty acids and glycerol)
-fats and oils
prostaglandins, leukotrienes
signaling molecules coordinating local cellular activities
glycoproteins
large protein molecules with carbohydrate groups attached
- antibodies
- hormones
- mucus
proteoglycans
large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains
-important thickening agent for tissue fluids
functions of proteins
structural
- contractile
- transport
- enzymes
- buffering
- antibodies
purines
adenine, guanine
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymin, uracil
Cutaneous membrane
epidermis- which consists of epithelial tissue
dermis- consists of connective tissue
subcutaneous layer
made of connective tissue
accessory structures
hair follicles
- nails
- exocrine glands
The epidermis include cells such as
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- langerhans cells (involved w/ immune system)
- merkel cells )involved with touch embedded in the dermis
Dermis connective tissue proper layers
papillary layer and reticular layer
papillary layer
thin layer of loose areoler connective tissue
Reticular layer
thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
dermis function
structural strength and elasticity
-collagen, reticular, and elastic
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
connects skin to underlying tissues
- loose fibrous connective tissue for strength and elasticity
- contains fat for padding and insulation, blood vessels and nerves
Integumentary system and nutrient storage role
- synthesis of membranes and lipid hormones
- ATP production in mitochondria via breakdown of fatty acids
Integumentary and temp regulation
- dermis layer blood vessels dilate and constrict
- sweat glands secrete water
- subQ insulating layer of fat
Integ and excretion
sweat glands secrete waste products along w/ other molecules
-water, electrolytes, and organic wastes
integ and vit D synthesis
Look at figure
Nocicepters
free nerve endings sense pain
thermoreceptors
free nerve endings sense temp
sensory detection
laminated (pacinian) corpuscles
- tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
- Tactile disks (Merkel’s discs and Merkel cells)
- Hair root plexus
Corneum layer
oldest cells
Cutaneous plexus
vessels located at border between subQ layer and dermis
subpapillary plexus
vessels at dermis-epidermis border
-supply nutrients and oxygen to epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures
contusion
bruise
-rupture of blood vessels
vellus hairs
peach fuzz
terminal hairs
heavy
club hair
no longer growing
Hair medulla
dead cells with soft keratin and melanin
hair cortex
dead cells with hard keratin and melanin
cuticle
superficial protective layer of overlapping, dead keratinized cells
Hair follicle walls
internal root sheath
external root sheath
glassy membrane
Internal root sheath
produced by cells at periphery of hair matrix
external root sheath
extension of epidermis from surface of skin down to hair matrix
glassy membrande
basal lamina connecting hair sheath (epidermis) to surrounding dermis
Arrector pili muscles
extend from papillary layer of dermis to connective tissue sheath surrounding follicle smooth muscle
root hair plexus
sensory nerves surrounding base of each hair follicle
aprocine
sweat glands secreting lipids
-open into hair follicles
sebaceous
oil glands
sudoriferous sweat glands
merocirne and apocrine glands
meocrine sweat glands secreations
open onto skin surface, sensible perspiration
chondrocytes
located in lacunae, cartilage cells
why are chondrocytes avascular
anti-angiogenesis factor
perichondrium
surrounds chondrocytes
cartilage growth and repair
interstitial and appositional
intersitial repair of chondrocytes
enlarges from within
appositional repair
growth at surface
-cells in inner layer of perichondrium divide
bone cells
osteocytes
bone matrix
collagen fibers and calcium salts
bone covering
periosteum
Osteoprogenitior
stencils that differentiate into osteoblasts
osteoblasts
synthesize new matrix
-osteogenesis
osteocytes
mature bone cells
-in lacunae connected by canaliculi
osteoclasts
dissolve bone matrix
-osteolysis
marrow carvities are filled with
red marrow and yellow marrow
yellow marrow
adipose connective tissue
red marrow
fluid connective tissue, red and white blood cells and blood stem cells
intramembranous ossification
bone develops within mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue
- osteoblasts differentiate in embryonic tissue and create ossification centers
- forms flat bones
endochondral ossification
during embryogenesis, hyaline cartilage forms first
-cartilage is replaced by bone
epiphyseal plate growth
cartilage on epiphysis side and ossification on diaphysis side
percent of bone replaced per year
20%
growth hormone and bone
from pituitary gland
-stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth through out body
thyroxine and bone
from thyroid gland
-increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblast activity
sex hormones and bone
can cause epiphyseal plate closure
PTH and Ca
increases blood Ca levels
Calcitonin
from thyroid gland
-decreases blood Ca levels
Osteopenia
reduction in bone mass
