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Anatomy > nerves 1 > Flashcards

nerves 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory function

A

receives incoming information (stimuli) from sensory receptors

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2
Q

Integrative function

A

Interprets and processes information to determine appropriate response

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3
Q

Effector function

A

produces outgoing signals to initiate a response in muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) or glands

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4
Q

Two primary subdivision of the Nervous system

A

1) CNS (Central Nervous system)

2) PNS (Peripheral Nervous system

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5
Q

CNS stands for and includes

A

Central Nervous system

-brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

PNS stands for and includes

A

Peripheral Nervous system

-neural tissue outside of CNS

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7
Q

Central nervous system functions and contained where

A
  • within skull and vertebral column
  • simple reflexes
  • complex reflexes
  • higher order functions
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8
Q

higher order functions include

A

-memory, learning, and intelligence

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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system is contained where and include what?

A
  • mostly outside of skull and vertebral column
  • peripheral nerves
  • peripheral gaggia
  • sensory organs of vision, hearing, etc
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10
Q

peripheral nerves include

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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11
Q

peripheral ganglia include

A
  • sensory ganglia

- autonomic nervous system ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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12
Q

Peripheral nerves include what receptors?

A

afferent and efferent division

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13
Q

affarent division

A

brings sensory information from receptors, ascending pathways to brain

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14
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands to effectors

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15
Q

somatic efferent nerves

A

to skeletal muscles

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16
Q

autonomic efferent nerves

A

to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

-sympathetic and parasympathetic

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17
Q

Neurons

A

electrically active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

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18
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

support cells

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19
Q

glial cells in the PNS

A

satellite cells, schwann cells

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20
Q

glial cells in the cns

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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21
Q

CNS collection of nerve cell processes (fibers) for transmission of information

A

white matter, fiber tract, column

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22
Q

CNS collection of nerve cell bodies for processing information

A

grey matter, nucleus, cortex

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23
Q

PNS collection of nerve cell processes (fibers) for transmission of information

A

nerve

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24
Q

PNS collection of nerve cell bodies for processing of information

A

ganglia

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25
Q

neuroglial cells are located where and do what?

A

surround and support both nerve cell bodies and processes

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26
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord processing and integration, posterior

A

Posterior (dorsal) gray horns contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei, sensory neurons flow in

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27
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord processing and integration, anterior

A

anterior (ventral) gray horns deal with somatic motor control

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28
Q

lateral gray horns contain

A

visceral (ANS) motor neurons, cell bodies of ANS

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29
Q

size of grey matter

A

(# of nerve cells) related to size of body area innervated

-cervical and lumbar enlargements

30
Q

white matter of spinal cord divided into what six (funiculi) containing tracts

A

posterior, anterior, lateral columns

31
Q

white matter functions, ascending tracts

A

relay information from the spinal cord to the brain

32
Q

white matter functions descending tracts

A

tracts carry information from the brain to the spinal cord

33
Q

Spinal cord, dorsal root is what kind of nerve?

A

sensory (afferent)

34
Q

Spinal cord, ventral root is what kind of nerve?

A

motor (efferent)

35
Q

spinal nerves are a mixture of what fibers?

A

sensory and motor fibers

36
Q

Each spinal nerve receives sensory input from …?

A

one dermatome

37
Q

how many spinal cord “segments” defined by spinal nerves/

A

31, (8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Co)

38
Q

Dermatomes

A

Region of skin monitored by the sensory afferents of a single spinal segment

39
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum or cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

41
Q

Mesencephalon

42
Q

Metenchephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

43
Q

Myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

44
Q

adult brain regions

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metenchephalon,

Myelencephalon

45
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (processing and integration), cortex of cerebral hemispheres

A

highest level of processing

46
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (processing and integration), basal nuclei of cerebral hemispheres

A

motor control, motor feedback mechanism to produce the right command

47
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (processing and integration),thalamus

A

processing sensory information, interactions with hypothalamus

48
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (processing and integration),hypothalamus

A

ANS and endocrine control, master control center for ANS

49
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (processing and integration),cortex of cerebellum

A

motor control

50
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (processing and integration),various brainstem nuclei

51
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (transmitting information) Projection fibers

A

ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, brain stem, and brain

52
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (transmitting information) association fibers

A

connect between areas on the same side of the CNS

53
Q

grey matter of brainstem and brain (transmitting information) Commissural fibers

A

connect between areas on opposite sides of the CNS, the right and left sides

54
Q

Protection and support of CNS

A
  • skull, vertebrae, ligaments, muscles
  • meninges
  • cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
  • Blood-brain barrier
55
Q

embryology of the brain, brain and spinal cord tissue

A
  • neurons and glial cells

- develop from the cells in the walls of of the developing hollow neural tube

56
Q

embryology of the brain, Ventricles of the brain and spinal canal of spinal cord

A

-develop from hollow center of developing neural tube

57
Q

meninges layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

58
Q

meninges functions

A
  • Provide physical stability and shock absorption

- Support blood vessels entering and exiting CNS tissue

59
Q

spinal meninges, base

A

to coccyx via filum terminale and coccygeal ligament

60
Q

spinal meninges, top

A

to periosteum of foramen magnum

61
Q

spinal meninges,Laterally

A

spinal meninges

62
Q

spinal meninges

A
  • anchor spinal cord
  • Provide cushioning
  • Epidural space with epidural fat separates dura mater from walls of vertebral canal
  • Subarachnoid space is filled with CSF
63
Q

Cranial meninges

A
  • continuous with the three layers of the spinal cord
  • folds of dura mater help stabilize the position of the brain
  • subarachnoid space filled with CSF
64
Q

how many dura layers in cranial meninges

65
Q

name of folds of dura mater

A

Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Falx cerebelli

-contain sinuses that serve as veins

66
Q

CSF produced where?

A

produced in the ventricles

-Fluid diffuses out of capillaries of the Choroid plexus into ventricles

67
Q

CSF pathway

A
  • Exits ventricles into subarachnoid space through apertures of 4th ventricle
  • Circulates through subarchnoid space of spinal and cranial meninges
  • Exits across the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus (vein)
68
Q

CSF comes from?

A

the blood and returns to the blood

69
Q

CSF functions

A
  • transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
  • provides cushioning and buoyancy
70
Q

blockage of CSF

A

-causes pressure in ventricles

71
Q

blockage of CSF consequences

A
  • enlarging ventricles damage neural tissue

- hydocephalus - “water on the brain”

Anatomy (12 decks)

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