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Anatomy > muscles 5 > Flashcards

muscles 5 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone

-striated voluntary msucle

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

form the walls of the heart

-striated involuntary muscle

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

forms the walls of most hollow internal organs

-non-striated involuntary muscle

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4
Q

Where is smooth muscle present?

A

-integument
blood vessels, arrestor pili muscles
-cardiovascular
encircle blood vessels, control distribution of blood, help regulate bp
-respiratory
contraction or relaxation alters diameters of respiratory passageways
-digestive system
control movement of materials through digestive
-urinary system
urinary bladder, ureters, kidney blood vessels
-reproductive tract
uterus

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5
Q

skeletal muscle size

A

diameter
-100um
Length
-up to 30 cm

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6
Q

cardiac muscle size

A

diameter
10-20um
length
-50-100um

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7
Q

smooth muscle size

A

diameter
5-10 um
length
30-200 um

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8
Q

syncytium

A

fused mass of cells

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9
Q

How are multinucleate skeletal muscle formed?

A
  • formed by fusion of many myoblasts during embryogenesis

- cells linked by connective tissue layers tat fuse to form tendons

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10
Q

cardiac muscle syncytium

A

Cells linked by gap junctions and desmosomes into functional syncytium

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11
Q

Smooth muscle syncytium

A

Cells linked by gap junctions and dense bodies into functional syncytium

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12
Q

desmosomes

A

provide structural attachment

  • integral membrane proteins and proteoglycans link opposing cell membranes
  • myofibrils are anchored to desmosomes
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13
Q

gap junctions

A

hold cells together with membrane channel proteins

  • form narrow passageways between cytoplasms of both cells
  • create electrical connections
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14
Q

skeletal filament organization

A

Striated – actin & myosin fibers arranged in sarcomeres

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15
Q

Cardiac filament organization

A

Striated – actin & myosin fibers arranged in sarcomeres

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16
Q

Smooth filament organization

A

Non-striated – actin & myosin fibers not organized in sarcomeres

17
Q

smooth muscle myofilament organization

A

Thick filaments scattered through out sarcoplasm

Thin filaments attached to dense bodies

18
Q

how are thin filaments in smooth muscle arranged

A

attached to dense bodies

  • Some dense bodies at intersections of cytoskeletal framework
  • Some dense bodies firmly attached to plasma membrane
  • Dense bodies can link adjacent muscle cells
19
Q

How do the filaments move in smooth muscle?

A

sliding of thick and thin filaments causes cell to shorten and twist

20
Q

length- tension relationship of smooth muscle

A

Tension development and resting length not directly related

21
Q

plasticity of smooth muscle

A

stretched muscle adapts to new lengths and retains ability to contract and produce tension

22
Q

Type of contractions of smooth muscle

A

can undergo titanic contractions and anaerobic metabolism

  • Tetanic contractions produce greatest tension
  • summation of tension as action potential frequency increases
23
Q

Type of contractions of skeletal muscle

A
  • Tetanic contractions produce greatest tension

- summation of tension as stimulus frequency increases

24
Q

type of cardiac contractions

A

Twitch contractions only

25
Q

Skeletal control mechanism with nerves

A
  • controlled by motor neurons of voluntary nervous system

- Motor unit - motor neuron branches to synapse on several muscle cells

26
Q

Cardiac control mechanism with nerves

A

controlled by pacemaker cells, autonomic nervous system

27
Q

Smooth control mechanism with nerves

A

controlled by pacesetter cells, hormones, autonomic nervous system

28
Q

Cardiac muscle control of contraction

A
  • Automaticity – can contract without neural stimulation
  • Timing of contractions determined by specialized pacemaker muscle cells
  • Rate of pacemaker cells and amount of tension can be modified
29
Q

how can the rate of pacemaker cells be modified?

A

Innervated by motor neurons of autonomic nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic)
-speed up or slow down depolarization

30
Q

Smooth muscle control of contraction

A
  • visceral smooth muscle cells

- multi-unit smooth muscle cells

31
Q

visceral smooth muscle cells

A
  • Connected by gap junctions into large syncytia arranged in sheets or layers
  • Automaticity – Pacesetter cells can trigger rhythmic contractions
  • Stimuli from autonomic nervous system can control contraction frequency
32
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle cells

A
  • Not connected by gap junctions

- Each cell innervated by one or more motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system

33
Q

skeletal energy source

A

Aerobic metabolism at moderate activity, anaerobic metabolism during peak activity

34
Q

cardiac energy source

A

Aerobic metabolism

-Myoglobin & mitochondria content is high

35
Q

smooth muscle energy source

A

-Aerobic metabolism at moderate activity (typical), anaerobic metabolism during peak activity (rare)

Anatomy (12 decks)

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