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Biology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 parts of Cell theory

A

All organisms are made of 1 or more cells

All cells come from pre exsisting cells

Cells are the functional and structural unit of life

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2
Q

Be able to list and identify the parts of a Eukaryotic cell:

A

1) endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
3) Mitochondria
4) Vacuole
5) Golgi Apparatus
6) Nucleus (nuclear envelope, DNA, Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus)
7) Cell membrane
8) Ribosome
9) Cytoplasm
10) intermediate filaments
11) Microtubule
12) lysosome
13) Microfilaments

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3
Q

Be able to list and Identify the parts of a Prokaryotic Cell:

Spirrilum

A

1) Flagella
2) Cytoplasm
3) DNA
4) Pili
5) Capsule
6) Plasmid
7) Cell wall
8) Ribosome
9) Cell Membrane
10)

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotic cells:

A
  • Small and simple
  • unicellular
  • nucleus is absent
    -Circular DNA
  • Singular haploid Chromosome
    -lack membrane bound organelles
  • reproduce both sexually and asexually
  • cell division by binary fission
  • examples are bacteria and archaea cells
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5
Q

What are characteristics of a Eukaryotic cell and what re some ex

A
  • large and complex
  • unicellular or multicellular
    paired diploid chromosome
    -linear DNA
    Nucleus is present
    -has membrane bound organelles
  • mostly reproduce sexually
  • cell division by mitosis
    Ex: plant and animal cells, fungi
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6
Q

What do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells have in common (literally)

A
  • have cells (plasma) membrane
  • Have cytoplasm
  • have ribosomes
  • have DNA
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7
Q

What is a cell:

A

Basic Unit of all living things

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8
Q

What is a cell membrane:

A

a thin flexible layer of barrier around cells

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9
Q

What is a nucleus

A

A large enclosed structure that contains genetic material from DNA

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10
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Cells that enclose their DNA in a nuclei

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11
Q

What are Prokaryotes

A

Cells that do not enclose their DNA in nuclei (free floating)

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12
Q

What are the main points of Cell theory?

A
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13
Q

How do microscopes work?

A

By using beams of light or electrons to magnify images

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14
Q

How do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells differ?

A
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15
Q

How does the Mitochondria reproduce? (as well are bacteria)

A

Binary Fission

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of Electron Microscopes and what are their functions?

A

1) Transmission and Scanning (TEM): flat and 2 dimensional images, good for visualizing structures within a specimen

2) Scanning (SEM): 3 dimensional

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17
Q

What was the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

An experiment to test the hypothesis that organic compounds could have been produced on early earth

First attempt at replicating earth’s early water cycle

complex molecules produced

molecules of life: 21 amino acids found

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18
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory? What does endosymbiotic literally mean?

Draw a prokaryote and a eukaryote and label

A

proposes that different cells joined to form eukaryotic cells.

living together within

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19
Q

What was the first info carrying molecule?

A

RNA

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20
Q

eukaryotic cell:

A

contains complex cytoplasmic organelles

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21
Q

Mitochondria - Bacteria

A

have their own genomes
similar size

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22
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

complex structures that allow cells to move

flagella of eubacteria have 30-40 proteins

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23
Q

BE able to draw the endosymbiotic theory

A
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24
Q

How were plant and animal cells created

A

plant- engulfed prokaryotic cell which went through chloroplast

animal- engulfed cyanobacteria -> mitochondria -> double membrane different than DNA found in nucleus

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25
Q

magnification:

A

making an image appear larger

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26
Q

resolution:

A

ability to distinguish between two objects

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27
Q

light microscope:

A

uses light in order to see an image (dark image on a light background)

28
Q

electron microscope:

A

uses electron beams in order to see an image

29
Q

types of electron microscopes

A

TEM: most ideal for seeing structures

SEM: most ideal for seeing in 3d

30
Q

total magnification

A

eye peice multiplied by object lense

31
Q

ribosome:

A

complex organelles used to translate coded instructions of mRNA molecules

32
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

33
Q

membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells are cells with membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, and Golgi apparatus. A membrane bound organelle is an organelle that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer.

34
Q

Protists

A

protists are a diverse group of organisms that are mostly aquatic and unicellular (made of a single cell).

35
Q

Be able to identify the parts of a microscope

A
  • eye peice
  • arm
    -ocular lense
    -slide clip
    -stage
    -diaphragm x2
  • base
  • power switch
    -adjusting knobs
    a) course adjustment (faster, more)
    b) fine adjustment (smaller distance slower)
36
Q

What are the three types of bacterial cells?

A

spirillum, coccus, bacillus

37
Q

Word part- meanings:
pro-
=nucleus or kernal
eu-

A

=before
-karyon
=true

38
Q

Amoeba:

A

a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape

39
Q

Cell membrane:

A

only lets certain molecules in and out (maintains homeostasis), keeps cells stable

40
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

surrounds all internal cell structures

41
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

surrounds all internal cells structures

42
Q

RIbosomes:

A

are not membrane bound organelles. in both Eu and pro karyotes. make protein, can be attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

Nucleus

A

powerhouse of the cells, hold genetic material, controls cells activities

44
Q

Nucleolus:

A

inside of a nucleus, where ribosomes are produced

45
Q

rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

has ribosomes attached to it, involved with protein producing and transportation

46
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum:

A

highly involved with the transporting of molecules

47
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R)

A

detoxifies (liver has a lot of these) can made types of lipids

48
Q

Golgi apparatus:

A

receive items, can modify molecules, and store molecules. Determines where to send these molecules (sent to the membrane to be secreted)

49
Q

Mitochondria:

A

powers plants, makes ATB energy in cellular respiration. Runs on glucose and oxygen to make ATB efficiently

50
Q

Vacuoles:

A

storages of materials
Usually-
Animals: small and multiple
Plants: large and singular

51
Q

Chloroplast:

A

makes glucose by using light energy (photosynthesis)

52
Q

Cell wall:

A

plants have this for extra protection

53
Q

How to be secreted if you were a proteins cell:

A

1) get instructions to be made
2) get made in a rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) get shipped off by E.R to the golgi apparatus
4) get marked to be secreted by golgi apparatus
5) get shipped to cell membrane and become secreted

54
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides

55
Q

what is the monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

56
Q

what is the monomer of lipids

A

fatty acids glycerol

57
Q
A
58
Q

what is the monomer for nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

59
Q

what binds glucose and fructose and what does that make

and what class are those two sugars found in

A

glycosidic bond (sugars joining)
creates sucrose and h20

carbohydrates

60
Q

if you combine amino acid 1 and 2 what binds them together and what do you create

what class are they in

A

peptide bond (amino acids joining)
dipeptide and h20

proteins

61
Q

if you combine monoglyceride and a fatty acid what binds them and what is created?

what class are they in

A

ester bond(fatty acid joining to glycerol)

diglyceride and h20

lipids

62
Q

What is it called when in biochemical reactions you get a product that includes H20

A

dehydration synthesis

63
Q

what are the 4 classes of carbon based molecules?

What do these things do

A

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

lipids- store long-term energy
carbs- store short term energy
proteins- muscle development and immune health
nucleic acids- dna rna coding of traits

64
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

build/ break things down

65
Q

What is it called when you take a enzyme out of its prefered temp or pH

A

denaturing

66
Q

study quiz 1 more in depth

A
67
Q

know all the functions of organelles/ structure in animal and plant cells as well as prokaryotes

A

write these down and check notebook

Biology (5 decks)

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