BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM FLASHCARDS
1
Q
Chromosome:
A
genetic info bundled into packages of DNA
2
Q
Chromatin:
A
DNA tightly to histone
3
Q
Cell Cycle:
A
a cell grows, copies its DNA, prepares for division, and then divides.
4
Q
Histone:
A
proteins
5
Q
Cytokinesis:
A
division of the cytoplasm
6
Q
Prophase:
A
genetic material condenses and duplicated chromosomes become visible
7
Q
Chromatids:
A
condensed chromosomes that appear as thick strands
8
Q
Centromere:
A
point at which sister chromatids are attached
9
Q
Metaphase:
A
centromeres of the chromosomes line up at across the center of the cell
10
Q
Centrioles:
A
structure that the midpoint of a chromosome
11
Q
Anaphase:
A
chromosomes separate and move along the spindle fibers to the ends of the cell
12
Q
Telophase:
A
chromosomes spread out in a tangle of chromatin
13
Q
Alleles:
A
different forms of a single gene
14
Q
Spindle Fibers:
A
protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell
15
Q
Meiosis:
A
a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
16
Q
Mitosis:
A
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
17
Q
Ploidy:
A
Whether its Haploid or diploid
18
Q
Haploid:
A
½ the amount of chromosomes present (½ set) n
19
Q
Diploid:
A
double the amount of chromosomes present (1 full set of chromosomes) 2n
20
Q
Tetrads:
A
After parent haploids mate, they produce diploids.
21
Q
Homologous pair:
A
two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father. For example, the two copies of Chromosome 1 in a cell would be referred to as homologous chromosomes.
22
Q
Zygote:
A
A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes
23
Q
Chiasma:
A
Chiasma: Point of crossing over
24
Q
INdependent assortment:
A
adds genetic variation
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Growth factor:
stimulate growth and division of cells
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Apoptosis:
programmed cell death
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Cancer:
body cells that lose the ability to control growth
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Tumor:
mass of cancer cells
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Embryo:
developmental stage from which an adult organism is produced
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Differentiation:
cells becoming specialized
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Totipotent:
able to develop into any type of cell
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Stem cells:
unspecialized cells form which differentiated cells develop
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Genetics:
scientific study of biological inheritance
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Fertilization:
male and female reproductive cells join to produce a new cell during sexual reproduction
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Hybrid:
the offspring of crosses between parents with contrasting characteristics
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Trait:
a specific characteristic
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Hybrid:
the offspring of crosses between parents with contrasting characteristics
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Segregation:
how pairs of genes are separated into reproductive cells
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Principle of Dominance:
some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
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Gametes:
reproductive cells
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Probability:
likelihood of a particular event
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Homozygous:
organisms that have identical alleles for a particular gene
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Heterozygous:
organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene
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Genotype:
genetic makeup
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Karyotype:
a photograph of all of an organism's chromosomes
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Phenotype:
physical trait
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G Banding
G banding or Giemsa banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to produce a visible karyotype by staining condensed chromosomes.
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Describe the process and importance of mitosis:
1. Prophase: Cell builds spindle to help to separate duplicated chromosomes (Plant cells lack centrioles (where spindle fibers come from))
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase: Ends when movement stops chromosomes are separated into 2 groups
4. Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, Nucleus becomes visible
5. Cytokinesis: 2 nuclei are formed,
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Regulatory Proteins and Cell division
Controls on cell division Divide until they come into contact with one another
Injury causes cells to be stimulated and divide rapidly
Regulatory proteins:
respond to events inside the cells, Act as checkpoints
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3.8 Describe the process and importance of meiosis.
ensures that all organisms produced via sexual reproduction contain the correct number of chromosomes.
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Explain symptoms, treatment, diagnosis, and current research for a specific type of cancer:
symptoms: constant headaches, vision trouble, issues with speaking, seizures, weakness, and mood changes
Diagnosis:
Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan
This takes photos of the brain using x rays from different angles. They are then examined and can be used to determine the size of the tumor and if the skull/ bone is fractured.
1.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In contrast to an CT scan MRI’s use magnetic fields that cause the atoms in your body to align in the same direction to determine the size and location of the tumor.
Biomarker testing of the tumor.
Biomarker testing takes a sample of the tumor and analyzes it to identify unique genes, proteins and other
Biopsy
A biopsy is the only test that can diagnose the type and grade of astrocytoma with certainty. During the Biopsy a neurosurgeon will take a piece of the tumor and give it to a pathologist to analyze it.
Neurological exam
A healthcare worker will ask about your symptoms (the ones listed above)
Current research:
Immunotherapy: a type of therapy where the immune system is stimulated to attack the tumor. Astrocytoma weakens the immune system so research is going on to continue to find ways for the immune system to fight back against the tumor. This doesn't work for all types of cancer. It can be in the form of a drug that is taken along with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, an anti tumor vaccine, or through intravenous infusion of genetically modified immune cells.
Bevacizumab (Avastin): a type of drug used in targeted therapy. Targeted therapy targets the proteins that help cancer grow. First approved for treatment of colon cancer in 2004, but it hasn’t been approved for too many types of cancer yet. It was approved for Astrocytoma in 2009. It was also used for breast cancer but was removed in 2011 for that use by the FDA because it was shown to have not been safe for that use. This drug cuts off the protein that gets the cancer, the blood and oxygen cells that it needs to keep growing. It is still being tested to become more effective for more cancers.
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3.9 Define Mendel’s laws.
law of dominance: some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
law of segregation:how pairs of genes are separated into reproductive cells
law of independent assortment: adds genetic variation
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Define and explain how to karyotype:
G Banding: G banding or Giemsa banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to produce a visible karyotype by staining condensed chromosomes.
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4.1 Describe the importance of Charles Darwin and his work
survival of the fittest, evolution, diversity
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4.2 three main driving forces of evolution.
Mutations-
Genetic Drift-
Natural Selecton
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Genetic Drift-
isolated populations evolve differently
Bottleneck effect- change in allele frequencies after a dramatic reduction in population size
Founder effect- when a small part of a population colonizes a new area, it is only their genes that are passed on
52
Mutations-
change in DNA sequence of of a cell
Fundamental genetic shifts- abrupt change in a genetically determined trait due to mutation, a random mutation
Frameshift- deletion or addition of a DNA sequence that changes the DNA
Point- can point to where the DNA changed
Genetic Drift- isolated populations evolve differently
Bottleneck effect- change in allele frequencies after a dramatic reduction in population size
Founder effect- when a small part of a population colonizes a new area, it is only their genes that are passed on
Natural Selection-organisms better adapted to their environment will survive better
Charles Darwin’s finche
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Natural Selection-
organisms better adapted to their environment will survive better
stabilizing
directional
disruptive
ex: Charles Darwin’s finches
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4.3 Explain the five basic concepts of natural selection and how they impact evolution.
VISTA
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Variation and Inheritance
Members of any given species are seldom exactly the same, either inside or outside. Organisms can vary in size, coloration, ability to fight off diseases, and countless other traits. Such variation is often the result of random mutations, or "copying errors," that arise when cells divide as new organisms develop.
When organisms reproduce, they pass on their DNA--the set of instructions encoded in living cells for building bodies--to their offspring. And since many traits are encoded in DNA, offspring often inherit the variations of their parents. Tall people, for example, tend to have tall children.
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Selection: Survival and Reproduction
Environments cannot support unlimited populations. Because resources are limited, more organisms are born than can survive: some individuals will be more successful at finding food, mating or avoiding predators and will have a better chance to thrive, reproduce, and pass on, their DNA. Small variations can influence whether or not an individual lives and reproduces. Differences in color, for instance, aid some individuals in camouflaging themselves from predators. Sharper eyes and claws help an eagle catch its dinner. And brighter coloration improves a male peacock's chances of attracting a mate.
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Directional Selection:
When individuals at one end of the curve with extreme traits have higher fitness than anywhere else on the curve.
Over time, the population changes to show this traits as they gradually shift in that direction
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Time and Adaptation:
In generation after generation, advantageous traits help some individuals survive and reproduce. And these traits are passed on to greater and greater numbers of offspring. After just a few generations or after thousands, depending on the circumstances, such traits become common in the population. The result is a population that is better suited--better adapted--to some aspect of the environment than it was before. Legs once used for walking are modified for use as wings or flippers. Scales used for protection change colors to serve as camouflage.
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4.4 Identify the impacts of the three types of selection on a population’s phenotype.
Stabilizing Selection:
Directional Selection:
Disruptive Selection:
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Stabilizing Selection:
When individuals with non extreme traits in the center of the curve have higher fitness than anywhere else on the curve.
Over time, individuals stay the same and more of the population comes to show those traits
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Disruptive Selection:
When individuals at both ends of the curve have higher fitness than in the center. Showing two sides of extremes.
Over time, if these two curves get farther apart they branch off into different species
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4.5 Describe how speciation takes place
Speciation: process by which new species are formed
Species become reproductively isolated and are forced to mate with
63
4.6 Identify and describe the three isolating mechanisms
Behavioral Isolation:
“when species are reproductively isolated from others due to differences in behavior”
2 populations that were once able to interbreed develop differences in courtship rituals and other behavior
Geographic isolation
2 populations that were once able to breed become geographically separated
“ the separation of species by physical barriers like water forms, oceans, mountains, etc”
Temporal isolation
Ex: if two flowers don't bloom at the same time they can’t breed
“a reproductive barrier which prevents interbreeding between distinct but closely related species due to differences in the timing of mating receptivity, activity, or fertility”
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4.8 Describe patterns that are seen in evolution.
Divergent evolution (A)
When two species become gradually different
Responsible for current diversity on earth.
Convergent evolution (B)
When two species begin to share analogous traits b/c of their same environment or other pressures
Parallel evolution ©
When two species evolve independently of each other
Usually happens when two unrelated species don’t have the same niches.
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Micro:
small changes over short periods of time within a population
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Taxonomic classification
Species: Group of organisms that are similar and interbred
Genus: Group of similar species, often share phenotypes
Family: Group of genus with the same attributes
Order: Closely related families
Class: Similar orders
Phylum: Similar classes (can look dramatically different)
Kingdom: Animals, Plants, Protists, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Eubacteria
Domain: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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Adapted radiation
Competition for resources make organisms in a species fill out different ecological niches
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Macro:
large changes over a long period of time beyond a single species
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Coevolution
When two species evolve together side by side.
Mutualistic
Competitive
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Community
In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time
A forest community comprises all the trees, the plant community, birds, deer, squirrels, foxes, fungi, insects, fish in forest rivers, and other local or seasonal species.
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cladogram
Tool used to show hypothetical relationships between groups of organisms.
Shows what traits are derived or lost.
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Organism
an assembly of molecules functioning as a more or less stable whole that exhibits the properties of life.
Examples of multicellular organisms include humans, plants, animals, and fungi.
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Population
to the entire group or set of individuals, objects, or events that are all in a certain area
examples of populations: All Adults in a Country
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in a particular area. The term `eco' refers to a part of the world and `system' refers to the coordinating units. An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting together.
A swamp, a prairie, an ocean, and a forest are examples of ecosystems. An ecosystem usually contains many different kinds of life.
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Biosphere
The biosphere is the region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals and bacteria. It is a feature that distinguishes the earth from the other planets in the solar system. "Bio" means life
The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists—all ecosystems. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environments of ocean trenches.
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5.2 Define the difference between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Biotic:
All living things
Plants
Animals
bacteria(not virus’s though)
Biotic factors include interactions between organisms, like disease, predation, parasitism, and competition among species or within a single species
Abiotic:
Abiotic factors can directly affect the survival of species in an ecosystem by creating or altering the conditions necessary for their survival.
Nonliving
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5.3 Identify and describe each of the five types of ecological relationships.
Mutualism
Relationships where both species benefit from the interaction, form of food, shelter, protection, and other resources.
Example: Bees and flowering plants, bees get nectar from the flower, which is used for food and the flowers get pollinated.
Commensalism
Where one species benefits from the interaction, and the other species is neither helped or harmed.
Example: Barnacles attaching to whales,
Parasitism
In parasitism, one species benefits(parasite) and the other species(host) is harmed
Example: Fleas or ticks feeding on a dog's blood
Predation
Involves one organism(predator) hunting, killing and consuming the other organism(prey)
Example: A lion hunting and eating a zebra
Competition
Competition occurs when two or more species or individuals vie for the same resources, such as food, water, or territory
Example: Different species of birds competing for the same type of seeds in a limited area. Both species may suffer from reduced food availability due to the competition.
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5.4 Define the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph.
Autotrophs- Make their own energy, producers(bottom of the food chain)
photosynthesis
Heterotrophs- Obtain energy from consuming other organisms
Aka- consumers
Cannot produce its own energy
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5.5 Describe how energy moves through an ecosystem
Only 10% of energy moves from one trophic level to the next
Amoeba Sisters video: https://youtu.be/-oVavgmveyY?si=CwclH8SSmOqUncm9
Producer -> Primary Consumers -> Secondary Consumers -> Tertiary
Unit used to measure the energy is a kcal
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bioaccumulation
build-up of something inside an organism.
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biomagnification
the rise or increase in the contaminated substances caused by the intoxicating environment.
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Weather
refers to short term atmospheric conditions in a specific area at a particular time like temperature, humidity, precipitation, etc.
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Climate
refers to long term average weather conditions in a particular region or area over a longer time period like patterns and trends in weather.
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Global wind patterns
Trade winds are created by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface which blow from east to west on the equator
Westerlies are mid latitude areas and are caused by the temperature difference between equatorial and polar regions. Blows from west to east
Global wind patterns are caused by the unequal heating of Earth’s surface by the sun combined with the planet’s rotation. This creates pressure differences and air circulation patterns that influence wind direction and strength around the globe.
Unequal heating creates variation in air temperatures and pressure across latitudes. Warm air rises and creates areas of low pressure while cooler air at higher latitudes sinks and creates areas of high pressure
Coriolis effect is circulation of air that deflects air toward the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere
Gyres are large circular ocean currents that are a result of Coriolis effect, prevailing winds, and continental boundaries. Coriolis effect deflects the direction of ocean currents and leads to a circular motion of gyres. The direction of winds influence the movement of surface ocean waters and help drive circulation patterns within gyres. The continents and coastlines causes currents to bend or turn as they encounter landmasses
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Greenhouse gas effect
is the process by which certain gasses in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat from the sun leading to an overall increase in temperature on the planet’s surface. Greenhouse gasses include: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
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Coriolis effect
is circulation of air that deflects air toward the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere
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Gyres
are large circular ocean currents that are a result of Coriolis effect, prevailing winds, and continental boundaries. Coriolis effect deflects the direction of ocean currents and leads to a circular motion of gyres. The direction of winds influence the movement of surface ocean waters and help drive circulation patterns within gyres. The continents and coastlines causes currents to bend or turn as they encounter landmasses
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Thermohaline circulation
redistributes heat and influences global climate patterns. It maintains the balance of temperature gradients between equatorial and polar regions. Movement of warm water to higher latitudes and cold water to lower latitudes help stabilize extreme temperatures
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Intertidal zone -
between high and low tide, fluctuating water levels, organisms are adapted to survive in both wet and dry conditions
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Tropical rainforest-
warm humid climate with dense multi-layered canopy and has rich biodiversity
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Estuaries -
transitional zones where freshwater meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. Brackish water habitats
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5.10 Explain how Earth’s climate is changing and factors that impact this change.
Common human activities have released lots of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere which is has changed the earth's climate
The changes are causing more frequent and more intense droughts, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming oceans
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6.1 Explain why both bacteria and viruses are classified as living or nonliving.
Bacteria:
Single-cell organisms that can survive on their own (Outside the body/ or inside)
Contains cytoplasms, ribosomes, and DNA.
Viruses:
It needs a host to multiply and divide. (Antiviral medicine makes the virus inactive or latent, slowing down symptoms.)
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6.3 Describe how and why plants are classified into four main groups. - naomi small
It helps us remember different plant
we can compare and contrast them with already known species.
vascular and non-vascular plants, seed bearing and spore bearing, and angiosperms and gymnosperms
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6.4 Differentiate between a monocot and dicot.
Monocot:
Parallel leaf veins
Petals in multiples of three
One cotyledon
Fibrous roots
Dicot:
Webbed leaf veins
Petals in multiples of 4 and 5
Two cotyledons
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6.5 Explain the structure and function of plant organ systems
roots:
Support for plant
Absorbing water and nutrients and transporting them upwards to the rest of the plant
Storing products of photosynthesis
Shoots:
provide support, connect leaves with roots(to store energy from photosynthesis)
Leaves: contain chloroplast to absorb solar energy for photosynthesis
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6.7 Identify parts of a flower and their functions. - Andres
stamen
Anther
filament
Pistil
Stigma
Style
ovary
Corolla
Petal
Calyx
pedicel/peduncle
Receptacle
Node
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6.6 Explain the structure and function of plant tissues
Dermal:
Covers the outside of plant in layer of cells called epidermis - mediates interactions between plant and environment
Secrete waxy substance called cuticle
Ground:
Make up interior of plant and carries out basic metabolic functions
Metabolism, storage, support activities
Vascular:
Run through ground tissues in plant
Xylem:
Cylinder form that surrounds the pith2
Brings water and minerals from root to shoot
Phloem :
Conducts photosynthesis food materials and brings it from shoot to root
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Anther →
pollen-producing head
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Stamen →
male reproductive organ
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Pistil →
female reproductive organ
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filament →
connects anther to the receptacle
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Stigma →
pollen receiving tip
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Style →
transports pollen to the ovary
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ovary →
houses potential seeds
100
Petal →
The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored → used for attracting pollinators and protecting the flower
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Corolla →
ring of petals
101
Calyx:
group of sepal
101
Sepal →
encloses the petals & usually green → protects flower bud as it grows
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pedicel/peduncle →
stem that only supports one flower
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Receptacle →
part where flower is attached
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Node →
where leaves grow
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Parotids
Large, irregular shaped glands located underneath skin on side of the face. Secrete 25% of saliva
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Submandibular
secrete 70% of the saliva in the mouth. Found in the floor of the mouth, in a groove along the inner surface of the mandible
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Sublingual
Smallest salivary glands, covered by a thin layer of tissue at the floor of the mouth. They produce approximately 5% of the saliva
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Percentages:
oxygen (O)
carbon dioxide (CO,)
water (H,°)
Inhaled
20.71%
0.04%
1.25%
Exhaled
14.6%
4.0%
5.9%
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What gas is removed from inhaled air
oxygen
109
What gases are added to inhaled air and then exhaled?
H20
C02
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Which gas shows the greatest difference in percent between inhaled and exhaled air? .
oxygen
oxygen
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Fill in the blank:
Inspired air rich in ________ enters the body through the ________ OR ________. It passes through the ___________ and ___________, or voice box, and into the _________. Air then enters
each ______________, which branches into ____________, and finally into the air sacs or ____of the lungs. The lungs are housed in the __________ cavity that is bound on the bottom by a thin layer of muscle, the _________. Each lung is covered by avery thin ____________
membrane. In the alveoli, _________is exchanged for oxygen.
Inspired air rich in Oxygen enters the body through the nostrils or mouth. It passes through the pharynx and larynx, or voice box, and into the trachea. Air then enters
each bronchus, which branches into bronchioles, and finally into the air sacs or alveoli of the lungs. The lungs are housed in the thoracic cavity that is bound on the bottom by a thin layer of muscle, the diaphragm. Each lung is covered by avery thin pleural membrane. In the alveoli, C02 is exchanged for oxygen.
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Area at the back of the throat where the mouth and nasal cavity meet,
pharynx
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The trachea divides into these right and left branches,
bronchi
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Opening to the windpipe,
glottis
115
Tiny air sacs where the exchange of gasses between air and blood takes place,
alveoli
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Contains the vocal cords,
larynx
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Flat sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity,
diaphragm
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Flap of tissue which prevents food from entering windpipe during swallowing,
epiglottis
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Smaller branches of the bronchi,
Bronchioles
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Tube leading from larynx to bronchi,
trachea
120
blood vessels surrounding the air sacs,
capillaries
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Moist membrane covering the lung and chest cavity wall on each side,
pleura
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Bronchial spasm resulting in decreased air movement and air trapped in alveoli,
Asthma
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Be able to label Skeletal System
121
Gland that secretes insulin,
pancreas
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Fill In the blanks with the correct answers:
__________occurs in the ________ producing sperm with 23 __________. Each human sperm cell has _____ parts: a head, a middle region and a ___________. The head contains the - _____________with the ___________. The acrosome at the tip of the head enables the sperm to __________ the egg. The middle region contains the _________, which produces energy. The tall, long and slender __________ moves the sperm. The testes are housed in the ________________ . From the testes, sperm passes through the ____________, which is a storage and maturation area, to the ______________ where they are housed until delivery. The prostate gland at the base of the urethra secretes a fluid that has a stimulating effect on the sperm. During intercourse, they travel to the ________, where the reproductive and urinary tracts join, emptying through the __________. An adult male produces ___________ continuously, several hundred million each day of his life. Those that are not ejaculated from the body are ________ in a continual cycle of renewal.
Meiosis occurs in the testes producing sperm with 23 Chromosomes. Each human sperm cell has 3 parts: a head, a middle region and a tail (flagellum). The head contains the - nucleus with the Chromosomes. The acrosome at the tip of the head enables the sperm to penetrate the egg. The middle region contains the mitochondria, which produce energy. The tall, long and slender flagellum moves the sperm. The testes are housed in the Scrotum. From the testes, sperm passes through the epididymis, which is a storage and maturation area, to the vas deferens where they are housed until delivery. The prostate gland at the base of the urethra secretes a fluid that has a stimulating effect on the sperm. During intercourse, they travel to the Urethra, where the reproductive and urinary tracts join, emptying through the penis. An adult male produces Sperm continuously, several hundred million each day of his life. Those that are not ejaculated from the body are reabsorbed in a continual cycle of renewal.
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Hormone produced by thyroid,
thyroxine
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Fill In the blanks with the correct answers: THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female is born with about two million __________ halted at prophase I, only 400 of which will mature into ________ within her lifetime. On about the _________ day of the menstrual cycle, the ovum is released from a __________ on the surface of the ovary at ovulation. _________ move it into the ___________. Sperms are deposited in the ________ which leads to the mouth of the _______. They must make their way through the __________, the muscular sphincter at the opening of the uterus, through the uterus, and up the Fallopian tube to fertilize the ovum within about 24 hours or the ovum will die. Peristaltic contractions move the ovum or zygote to the _________ in about three days. If the ovum is not fertilized and implanted ___________will occur on day 28. In any egg cell, the sex chromosome is a (an) ___ chromosome. In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome is either a (an) ____ or a (an) _______ chromosome. If a sperm with an ___ chromosome fertilized the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is _____ and the offspring will be a ___________. If a sperm with a _______ chromosome fertilizes the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is _________________ and the offspring will be a __________.
The female is born with about two million oocytes halted at prophase I, only 400 of which will mature into ova (egg) within her lifetime. On about the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, the ovum is released from a follicle on the surface of the ovary at ovulation. Ovas
move it into the ovary. Sperms are deposited in the vagina which leads to the mouth of the Uterus. They must make their way through the cervix, the muscular sphincter at the opening of the uterus, through the uterus, and up the Fallopian tube to fertilize the ovum within about 24 hours or the ovum will die. Peristaltic contractions move the ovum or zygote to the Uterus in about three days. If the ovum is not fertilized and implanted menstruation will occur on day 28. In any egg cell, the sex chromosome is a (an) -
メchromosome. In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome is either a (an) X or a (an) Y
chromosome. If a sperm with an X chromosome fertilized the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is X X and the offspring will be a female
If a sperm with a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the sex chromosome pattern of the fertilized egg is XY and the offspring will be a male.
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Endocrine gland at base of brain,
pituitary
Hormone that causes follicle to mature, luteinizing
At the base of brain, gland that Interacts with pituitary, hypothalamus
Gland that secretes insulin, pancreas
Gland that secretes thyroxine, thyroid
Hormone produced by thyroid, thyroxine
Organs that produce egg cells, ovaries
Pituitary hormone that targets adrenal cortex, ACTH
Male reproductive glands, testes
Hormone produced by adrenal medulla, noradrenaline
Organ through which sperm leaves the body, penis
Uterine membrane transports substances between mother and embryo, placenta
Tube leading from uterus to outside of body, vagina
Sac containing testes, scrotum
A gland that secretes seminal fluid, prostate
Tube joining ovary to uterus, oviduct
Ductless gland under breastbone, thymus
Houses developing embryo, uterus
Neck of uterus, cervix
Fluid-filled membrane surrounding embryo, amnion
Hormone stimulates follicle production, FS
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Organs that produce egg cells,
ovaries
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Hormone that causes follicle to mature,
luteinizing
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Pituitary hormone that targets adrenal cortex,
ACTH
Male reproductive glands, testes
Hormone produced by adrenal medulla, noradrenaline
Organ through which sperm leaves the body, penis
Uterine membrane transports substances between mother and embryo, placenta
Tube leading from uterus to outside of body, vagina
Sac containing testes, scrotum
A gland that secretes seminal fluid, prostate
Tube joining ovary to uterus, oviduct
Ductless gland under breastbone, thymus
Houses developing embryo, uterus
Neck of uterus, cervix
Fluid-filled membrane surrounding embryo, amnion
Hormone stimulates follicle production, FSH
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At the base of brain, gland that Interacts with pituitary,
hypothalamus
123
Gland that secretes thyroxine,
thyroid
124
Tube leading from uterus to outside of body,
vagina
124
A gland that secretes seminal fluid,
prostate
124
Male reproductive glands,
testes
125
Uterine membrane transports substances between mother and embryo,
placenta
125
Hormone produced by adrenal medulla,
noradrenaline
Organ through which sperm leaves the body, penis
Uterine membrane transports substances between mother and embryo, placenta
Tube leading from uterus to outside of body, vagina
Sac containing testes, scrotum
A gland that secretes seminal fluid, prostate
Tube joining ovary to uterus, oviduct
Ductless gland under breastbone, thymus
Houses developing embryo, uterus
Neck of uterus, cervix
Fluid-filled membrane surrounding embryo, amnion
Hormone stimulates follicle production, FSH
125
Sac containing testes,
scrotum
125
Organ through which sperm leaves the body,
penis
126
Tube joining ovary to uterus,
oviduct
127
Ductless gland under breastbone,
thymus
128
Houses developing embryo,
Uterus
129
Neck of uterus,
cervix
130
Fluid-filled membrane surrounding embryo, amnion
Hormone stimulates follicle production, FSH
amnion
131
Hormone stimulates follicle production,
FSH
132
Fill In the blanks with the correct answers: NEURON AND NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS
__________ are specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses. The nucleus is located in the _______ of the neuron. From the cell body; two types of structures carry out transmission functions. _______transmit nerve impulses from other cells or sensory systems. ____________ provide for the transmission of nerve impulses away from the cell body. A single neuron cell can be over a meter long due to the length of its _____________. _____________ are the supporting cells associated with axons. They form a(an) myelin sheath around many vertebrate neurons. ______________ interrupt the myelin sheath where the axon is in direct contact with surrounding intercellular fluid. The junction between a neuron and a muscle is called a (an) _____________ junction. ______________ live is the neurotransmitter. At a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released from a(an). _________ depolarizes the muscle cell membrane and triggers muscle contractions.
Neurons are specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses. The nucleus is located in the cell body of the neuron. From the cell body; two types of structures carry out transmission functions. dendrites transmit nerve impulses from other cells or sensory systems. Axons provide for the transmission of nerve impulses away from the cell body. A single neuron cell can be over a meter long due to the length of its axons. Schwann Cells are the supporting cells associated with axons. They form a(an) myelin sheath around many vertebrate neurons. Nodes of Ranvier interrupt the myelin sheath where the axon is in direct contact with surrounding intercellular fluid. The junction between a neuron and a muscle is called a (an) neuromuscular junction. Acetylene live is the neurotransmitter. At a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released from a(an). Axon depolarizes the muscle cell membrane and triggers muscle contractions.
133
