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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

If too much water moves out of a cell, the cell shrinks abnormally. This process is called

A

Crenation

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2
Q

Which of the following statements regarding type O blood is correct.

A

It contains no surface antigens

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3
Q

The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint where the humeral head articullates with the

A

Glenoid fossa

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4
Q

The separation of the intracellular and the extracellular areas by a selctively permeable membrain helps to maintain

A

Homeostasis

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5
Q

Axial skeleton consist of

A

Skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column

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6
Q

The appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles, the upper extremeties, forearms, lower extremeties

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7
Q

Vertebrea is devided into what 5 regions

A 
7 cervicle 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal vertebrea
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8
Q

Two posterior curves of spine

A

Cervicle and lumbar

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9
Q

Two antierior curves of spine

A

Thoracic and sacral

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10
Q

At what joint does C1 articulate with skull?

A

Atlanto occipital joint

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11
Q

The first and second cervicle vertebrea names

A

Atlas and axis

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12
Q

The atlas articulates with the occipital condyles at the base of the skull at the atlanto occipital joint. What does this allow head to do?

A

Nod and rotate left to right

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13
Q

The axis has an upward projection called the ondontoid process, the atlas sits on this process. What does this allow the head to do?

A

Acts as a pivot point and allows rotation

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14
Q

The heart lies immediately behind the sternum. It extends between what ribs and vertebrea?

A

It extends from the second to the sixth ribs anteriorly and from the 5th to the 8th thoracic vertebrea posteriorly

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15
Q

What protects the shoulder joint and provides a site of attachment for the clavicle and various shoulder muscles

A

Acromion process

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16
Q

What is the central nervous system responsible for? And consist of

A

Consist of brain and spinal cord. Responsible for Thought, perception, feeling, and autonomic body function

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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system consist of? And what is it responsible for?

A

Spinal nerves/peripheral nerves
Has both somatic nervous system (voluntary activities, walking, talking, writing) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary body functions, digestion, constricting or dialating blood vessels, sweating, fight or flight response,

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18
Q

What protective machanisms are in place to protect the central nervous system ( CNS )

A

Scalp, bone, meninges, CSF, and blood brain barrier

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19
Q

What three connective tissue layers compose the meninges

A

Dura mater-outermost layer
Arachnoid- middle layer
Pia mater- innermost layer

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20
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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21
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

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22
Q

The endocrine glands send hormones throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. What are examples of endocrine glands

A

Hypothalimus, the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, pineal gland, and gonads

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23
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

Bring oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

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24
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

Bring oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs

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25
Cardiac output CO is | How is it calculated
The amount of blood that is pumped by the ventricles in 1 min. Normal CO for average adult is 5 to 6L /min -calculated by stroke volume x heart rate =CO
26
Stroke volume SV
The amount of blood pumped out by either ventrical in a single heartbeat. Normally SV is between 60 and 100 ml
27
Ejection fraction EF
Percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts. Usually taken from left ventricle. Normal range 55% to 70%
28
Preload (end diastolic volume)
Is the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole and is primarily a reflection of venous return
29
Afterload
Is the force against wich the ventricles must contract to eject blood. Can be influenced by blood pressure and the ability of the arteries to become stretched.
30
What is Frank starling mechanism (starlings law)
If a large volume of blood is returned to the heart, the heart muscle must stretch to accomidate the larger volume. This will cause the heart to contract more forcefully, this will increase stroke volume. (Think of a ballon, the more you blow it up the faster the air comes out)
31
What are the four important propertys of the cardiac cells that make the heart function
1-automaticity (ability of cardiac cells to create an electrical impulse without being influenced by outside sources) 2-excitability (ability of cardiac cells to respond to stimulus) 3-conductivity (enables cardiac cell to recieve electrical impulse and pass it to another) 4-contractility (ability for a cardiac cell to shorten in response to impulse, causing a contraction)
32
What does the atrial system do
Takes blood from the heart and distributes it to the tissues
33
What does the venous system do
Returns blood from the tissues and back to the heart
34
What is microcirculation
Where nutrients and cellular waste products are exchanged between the blood and tissues.
35
Where does the aortic arch turn into the descending aorta?
T4
36
Where does the abdominal aorta start?
T12
37
How many lobes does the right and left lung have?
Right has 3 lobes, left has 2
38
How to find minute volume of lungs?
Respiratory rate X tidal volume
39
Increased respiration does what to co2 and ph?
Decreases co2 and increases ph
40
Decreased respirations do what to co2 and ph levels?
Increase co2 and decrease ph level
41
If blood ph drops (becomes more acidic) like in metabolic acidosis what do respirations do?
Increase
42
If blood ph gets high (alkalosis) like in metabolic alkalosis what do respirations do?
Decrease
43
What are chemoreceptors and where are they located?
Chemoreceptors are oxygen sensors, located in the brain, walls of the aorta, and carotid arteries
44
What is hering-breuer reflex?
Desinged to prevent over inflation of lungs, mechanorecpters are stretch receptors that send signals to the brain through the vegus nerve.
45
What are the four layers of the vessels?
Connective tissue-outermost Circular smooth muscle Elastic tissue Endothelium-innermost layer
46
What is carpopedal spasm, and what is it a sign of?
Fingers and toes flex in a claw like manner. Result of respiratory alkalosis
47
What are the three stages of stress?
1. Alarm 2. Resistance or adaptation 3. Exhaustion
48
What is gluconeogenesis
A process that stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
49
What is glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose
50
What is glycolysis? | What are the two types?
Process by which glucose and other sugars are broken down to yield lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis) and pyruvic acid (aerobic glycolysis). The breakdown releases energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate.)
51
Electrolights definition
Substances that release ions in water, salt or acid substances that become ionic when dissolved in water ; chemicals dissolved in the blood.
52
What do inotropic drugs do? | And what are the two types?
Positive inotropes increase contractility | Negative inotropes decrease contractility
53
What are the Actions of catecholamines or sympathomimetics
increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, muscle strength, and mental alertness. They also lower the amount of blood going to the skin and intestines and increase blood going to the major organs, such as the brain, heart, and kidneys.
54
Aerobic vs anaerobic respirations
Aerobic- takes place in the presence of oxygen, end products are carbon dioxide and water, releases 36 ATP Anaerobic-absent of oxygen, end product is alchohol, releases 2 ATP Both use glucose as the starting molecule.
55
What do chronotropic drugs do? | What are the two types?
Positive Chronotropic drugs increase heart rate. | Negative chronotropic drugs decrease heart rate.
56
Differences of dendrites and axons
Dendrites- Dendrites receive electrochemical impulses from other neurons, and carry them inwards and towards the soma, Dendrites are short and heavily branched in appearance, Axons- axons carry the impulses away from the soma. axons are much longer
57
Osmosis vs diffusion
Osmosis- requires a simipermiable membrain, only solvent (water) moves, Diffusion- does not require a simipermiable membrane, both solvent and solutes move. Solute moves from high concentration to low. Both are moving to create equalibrium
58
Alpha 1 receptors
Alpha-receptors are located on the arteries. When the alpha receptor is stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, the arteries constrict. This increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heart.
59
Beta 1 and 2 receptors
Beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. When beta-1 receptors are stimulated they increase the heart rate and increase the heart's strength of contraction or contractility. The beta-2 receptors are located in the bronchioles of the lungs and the arteries of the skeletal muscles.
60
nicotinic receptors
nicotinic receptors are the primary receptors found in skeletal muscles. Within this area of the body, they are responsible for transmitting an electrical impulse to the skeletal muscles. These nicotinic receptors play an important role in ensuring skeletal muscles contract properly
61
What is tidal volume?
Tidal volume is the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in a single breath, normally about 500 ml
62
Oxygenation
The process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream
63
Respiration
The actuall exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the aveoli and the tissues of the body
64
Ventillation
The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
65
Intracellular fluid ICF
Fluid found within the cells, about 63 percent of total body water. Contains large amounts of potassium, magnessium, and phosphate ions
66
Extracellular fluid ECF
Contains about 37 percent of total body water, contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Also contains nutrients for cells such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Also contains waste producs to be excreted by the lungs (CO2 and waste from the kidneys)

Medic (12 decks)

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