Test 1 (1-4) Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
embryology
A
the study of prenatal development that begins at conception and ends with birth
2
Q
histology
A
the study of the microscopic structures and the functions of cells and their tissues.
3
Q
Primordium
A
earliest indication of a tissue type or an organ during prenatal development
4
Q
congenital malformations
A
birth defects
5
Q
amniocentesis
A
amniotic fluid test to detect abnormalities in the chromosomes
6
Q
meiosis
A
process of reproductive cell production that ensures correct # of chromosomes
7
Q
Cleavage
A
process during prenatal development when mitosis converts a zygote to a blastocyst
8
Q
fusion
A
joining of embryonic tissue of two separate surfaces
9
Q
mesenchyme
A
made from NCCs & mesoderm
10
Q
embryonic folding
A
places tissues in proper positions for further development
11
Q
intercellular junctions
A
specialized regions of contact between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. They are essential to any multi-cellular organism, providing the structural means by which groups of cells can adhere and interact.
12
Q
desmosome
A
a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion.
13
Q
hemidesmosome
A
a cell structure that attaches a cell to a non-cellular surface.
14
Q
Identify the type of tissue
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
(horizontal longer than vertical)
15
Q
Identify the type of tissue
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
(horizontal and vertical equal)
16
Q
Identify the type of tissue
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
(vertical greater than horizontal)
17
Q
Intramembranous Ossification
A
Bone development from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. (maxillary arch and most of the mandible)
18
Q
endochondral ossification
A
Bone development by the replacement of hyaline cartilage (parts of the mandible)
19
Q
resorption
A
the dental condition where the body’s cells eat away and dissolve the tooth structure, removing the mineralized tissue.
20
Q
suppuration
A
pus, with large numbers of PMN’s (granulocytes) found in the fluid.
21
Q
synapse
A
the junction between two neurons or a neuron and effector organs, such as a muscle or gland.
22
Q
Name the three periods of prenatal development
A
- ) preimplantation (1st week after conception)
- ) embryonic (2-8 weeks)
- ) fetal (9 weeks to 40 weeks)
23
Q
In the preimplantation period, list the phases of development
A
zygote → blastocyst
(1st week after conception)
24
Q
In the embryonic period, list the phases of development
A
blastocyst → disc,
disc → embryo,
embryo → folded embryo
(2-8 weeks)
25
In the **fetal period**, list the phases of development
folded embryo → embryo,
embryo → fetus
**(9 - 40 weeks)**
26
when implantation occurs outside of the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tube.
ectopic pregnancy
27
In week 1 (**preimplantation**), name the events that occur within the organism as it develops (in order):
1. ) fertilization w/ sperm and ovum
2. ) zygote undergoes mitosis (cleavage), to form a morula
3. ) morula forms a blastocyst
4. ) Blastocyst implants in the endometrium. 2 layers now (trophoblast, embryoblast)
5. ) trophoblast layer gives rise to prenatal support tissue, embryoblast layer gives rise to the embryo.
28
In week 2 (embryonic period), name the events that occur within the organism as it develops (in order):
1. ) implanted blastocyst grows via proliferation + morphogenesis.
2. ) leads to the formation of bilaminar embryonic disc (***epiblast*** ***EB*** layer
**[high columnar cells]**, and ***hypoblast HB*** layer **[small cuboidal cells]).**
3. ) suspension of the disc in endometrium between amniotic cavity (**EB**) and the yolk sac (**HB**) (embryo sac).
4. ) Placenta joins embryo, allowing oxygen, CO2, nutritional, and hormonal substances to exchange.
29
in week 3 (embryonic period), name the events that occur within the organism as it develops (in order):
1. ) development of primitive streak w/in the disc (creating bilateral symmetry)
2. ) epiblast layer cells migrate toward hypoblast layer to become mesoderm and embryonic endoderm.
3. ) formation of trilaminar embryonic disk (**mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm**)
4. ) CNS development (**brain, spinal cord begin**)
A.) ectoderm creates neuroectoderm, within neural plate, that thickens to form neural groove.
B.) Neural groove deepens to become surrounded by neural folds
C.) neural folds meet and fuse to form neural tube.
5.) Formation of somites (38-paired cuboidal segments of mesoderm)
30
in week 3 (embryonic period), the ectoderm develops into what?
1. ) skin epidermis
2. ) CNS
3. )NCC's
4. ) mammary & cutaneous glands
5. ) Histologic feature-Columnar
6. ) Origin- Epiblast layer
31
in week 3 (embryonic period), the endoderm develops into what?
1. ) respiratory/digestive system linings
2. ) glandular cells
3. ) liver/pancreatic cells
4. ) Histologic features- Cuboidal
5. ) Origin- Migrating cells from epiblast layer
32
in week 3 (embryonic period), the trilaminar embryonic disc develops two ends called?
1. ) Cephalic end (Head end)
2. ) Caudal end (Tail end)
33
in week 3 (embryonic period), the mesoderm develops into what?
1. ) connective tissue (such as skin dermis, cartilage, bone, blood, muscle).
2. ) excretory and reproductive organs
3. ) histologic features- varies
4. ) origins- migrating cells from epiblast layer
34
in week 3 (embryonic period), the Neural Crest Cells develop into what?
1. ) components of nervous system pigment cells, connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, certain dental tissue
2. ) Histologic Features- Varies
3. ) Origin- Migrating neuroectoderm
35
What forms at the cephalic end?
oropharyngeal membrane (future location of mouth, the beginning of digestive tract)
36
What forms at the caudal end?
cloacal membrane (future location of anus, **terminal end** of digestive tract)
37
in week 4 (embryonic period), name the events that occur within the organism as it develops (in order):
(Hint/trick to remember-**fold, feed, face**)
1. ) trilaminar embryonic disk undergoes anterior (cephalic) and lateral embryonic folding (endoderm inside ecto+meso)
2. ) formation of tube that becomes future digestive tract from cephalic (oropharyngeal membrane) to caudal (cloacal membrane) end. (Foregut [anterior], Midgut [posterior], Hindgut[posterior])
3. ) Development of face and neck (primitive eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity, and jaw areas)
38
These are environmental factors that can induce changes in the developing embryo:
teratogens
39
This is an array of the metaphase stage chromosomes of a single cell used to determine gender and analysis for mutations.
karyotype
Male: XY
Female: XX
40
Down syndrome is associated with what chromosome?
21
41
After a zygote cleaves through mitosis it is now called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
morula
42
After a morula cleaves through additional mitotic divisions it is now called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
blastocyst
43
The difference between a morula and a blastocyst is that a blastocyst has a ________ and a morula does not
cavity
44
The outer cell mass of a blastocyst is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
trophoblast
45
The inner cell mass of a blastocyst is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
embryoblast
46
These cells migrate from the crests of the neural folds and disperse within the mesenchyme
neural crest cells (NCC's)
47
the mesenchyme is formed from what?
the joining of NCC's with the mesoderm
48
Name the three primary germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
49
what hereditary disease causes abnormalities of the teeth, skin, hair, eyes, facial structure, and glands?
ectodermal dysplasia
50
What syndrome occurs from the failure of NCC's to migrate to the facial region?
Treacher Collins Syndrome
51
What infective teratogen results in cataracts, cardiac defects, and deafness?
Rubella
52
what infective teratogen results in defected incisors, molars, blindness, deafness, and possible paralysis?
Syphilis
53
What teratogenic caused syndrome results in prenatal/postnatal deficiencies, mental disabilities, and other facial disturbances?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
54
What condition develops from the neural tube failing to fuse properly, characterized by defects in the vertebral arches and various degrees of disability?
Spina Bifida
55
what disorder is caused by the use of a specific antibiotic during pregnancy that causes tooth discoloration and staining?
Tetracycline Stain
56
Action of one group of cells on another that leads to the establishment of the developmental pathway in the responding tissue?
Induction
57
Controlled cellular growth and accumulation of byproducts?
Proliferation
58
Change in identical embryonic cells to become distinct structurally and functionally?
Differentiation
59
**Development of specific tissue** structure or differing form due to embryonic cell migration or proliferation and inductive interactions?
Morphogenesis
60
Attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis?
Maturation
61
Development of different cell types
Cytodifferentiation
62
**Development of differing** morphology (which makes up its structure or shape for each organ or system)
Morphodifferentiation
63
Development of **different histologic tissue** types within a structure
Histodifferentiation
64
Growth where **tissue enlarges** by the addition of layers on the **outside** of a structure?
Appositional growth
65
**Growth** which occurs from **deep within a tissue** type or organ?
Interstitial growth
66
Is **hard tissue** growth usually appositional or interstitial?
Appositional
67
Is **soft tissue** growth appositional or interstitial?
Interstitial
68
What class of teratogens includes ethanol, tetracycline, phenytoin sodium, lithium, methotrexate, aminopterin, diethylstilbestrol, warfarin, thalidomide, isotretinoin (retinoic acid), androgens, progesterone?
Drugs
69
What class of teratogens includes **methylmercury** and **polychlorinated biphenyls**?
Chemicals
70
What class of teratogens includes rubella virus, syphilis spirochete, herpes simplex virus, and **HIV**?
Infections
71
What class of teratogens includes high levels of the ionizing type?
Radiation
72
Name the events of development that occur in week 4?
(Step 1 of 4)
1.) Disintegration of oropharyngeal membrane of stomodeum, which enlarges the primitive mouth, allowing access to the primitive pharynx.
73
Name the events of development that occur in week 4?
(Step 2 of 4)
2.) Mandibular processes fuse to form mandibular arch, which then fuses to form the mandible and lower lip
74
Name the events of development that occur in week 4?
(Step 3 of 4)
3.) Frontonasal process forms and gives rise to the nasal placodes/pits, medial/lateral nasal processes, and intermaxillary segment to form the nose and primary palate
75
Name the events of development that occur in week 4?
(Step 4 of 4)
4/5.) maxillary process forms from mandibular arch, maxillary processes fuse with medial nasal process to form upper lip and with each mandibular arch to form the labial commissures.
76
First branchial arches (**Mandibular arches**) forms what **future skeletal structures and ligaments**?
pneumonic Device- **Mall Ant: Part S**
1. ) **m**alleus and incus of the middle ear
2. ) **a**nterior ligament of the malleus
3. ) **p**arts of the sphenoid bone
4. ) **s**phenomandibular ligament
77
Second arches (**Hyoid arches**) forms what **future nerves and muscles**?
Pneumonic**-Facebook Stops M.o.f.e. Posting Style**
1. ) Facial nerve
2. ) stapedius muscle
3. )muscles of facial expression
4. ) posterior belly of the digastric muscle
5. ) stylohyoid muscle
78
```
Second arches (**Hyoid arches**) forms what future skeletal structures and ligaments?
Pneumonic Device- **Stop Stys Style Up Less**
```
1. ) **s**tapes and parts of the malleus and incus of middle ear
2. ) **sty**lohyoid ligament
3. ) **styl**oid process of the temporal bone
4. ) **up**per part of body of hyoid bone
5. ) **less**er cornu of hyoid bone
79
**Third arches** forms what future **nerves and muscles**?
pneumonic device-**Good Shit**
1. ) **g**lossopharyngeal nerve
2. ) **s**tylopharyngeal nerve
80
**Third arches** forms what future **skeletal structures and ligaments**?
Pneumonic Device- **Great Lowes**
1. ) **greater** cornu of **hyoid bone**
2. ) **lower** part of body of **hyoid bone**
81
**Fourth- sixth arches** forms what future **nerves and muscles**?
Pneumonic Device- **Pils**
1. ) **p**haryngeal constrictors
2. ) **i**ntrinsic muscles of the larynx
3. ) **l**evator veli palatini muscles
4. ) **s**uperior laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
82
**Fourth- sixth arches** forms what future **skeletal structures and ligaments**?
Pneumonic Device- **LarCar**
1.) laryngeal cartilages
83
**First pouches** form what future structures?
Pneumonic Device- **MATT**
1. ) **m**astoid antrum
2. ) **a**uditory tube
3. ) **t**ympanic membrane (with first branchial groove)
4. ) **t**ympanic cavity
**HEAR**
84
**Second pouches** form what future structures?
Mmenomic- **crying and laughing nuts of the program today**
1.) **c**rypts **and l**ymphatic **n**odules **of the p**alatine **t**onsils
Swallow
85
**Third-Fourth** pouches form what future structures?
mmenomic**-Pt Tg**
1.) parathyroid
and
thymus glands
86
Mandibular arch forms from?
**fusion of bilateral mandibular processes**. Site of fusion is Mandibular symphysis (buttchin). **Meckel's cartilage** forms bilaterally within the developing mandibular arch.
87
What bony structures does Meckel's cartilage give rise to?
ossicles of middle ear(malleus + incus).
88
Stomodeum
primitive mouth of embryo
89
mandibular processes
processes of first branchial arches that fuse @ midline to form mandibular arch
90
mandibular arch
lower dental arch with mandibular teeth, or first branchial arch in embryo
91
Meckel cartilage
forms within each side of mandibular arch & disappears as bony mandible forms
92
Frontonasal process
Forms as a bulge of tissue at the most cephalic end, cranial boundary of stomodeum
93
Lens placodes
Future eyes; initially located fishlike on each side of frontonasal process
94
Otic placodes
Future **internal ear**; lateral & posterior to lens placodes
95
Nasal placodes
Anterior part of frontonasal process; develop into olfactory epithelium for smell
96
Nasal pits
Develop into nasal cavity
97
Oronasal membrane
Temporary membrane that separates nasal sacs from the stomodeum
98
Medial nasal processes
Two crescent-shaped swellings located between nasal pits, form apex, philtrum, tubercle
99
Intermaxillary segment
Formed by the fusing of the paired medial nasal processes internally;involved in formation of incisors, primary palate and nasal septum
100
Lateral nasal processes
Two crescent-shaped swellings on the outer part of nasal pit; forms alae of nose
101
Maxillary process
Adjacent swelling forms from increased growth of mandibular arch on each side of stomodeum
102
Cleft lip
Failure of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal process
103
Primitive pharynx
Hollow tube of embryo, derived from anterior part of foregut;
future **oropharynx**
104
Branchial apparatus
Consists of branchial arches, branchial grooves + membranes & pharyngeal pouches
105
Branchial arches
Stacked bilateral swellings of tissue appear inferior to the stomodeum & include Mandibular arch
106
Fifth branchial arch
Rudimentary, sometimes absent or a part of fourth branchial arch
107
First branchial arch
Mandibular arch; Meckel cartilage
108
Hyoid arch
Second branchial arch
109
Reichert cartilage
Forms in second branchial arch
110
Third branchial arch
Forms part of hyoid bone
111
Fourth branchial arch
Participates information of laryngeal cartilage
112
Sixth branchial arch
Fuses with fourth branchial arch to participate in formation of laryngeal cartilage
113
Branchial grooves
Grooves between neighboring branchial arches on each side of embryo
114
Pharyngeal pouches
Four pairs of evaginations lining the pharynx between branchial arches
115
Branchial cleft cyst
Developmental cervical cyst due to obliteration failure of second branchial groove
