TES Flashcards
Simply, what does the Endocrine System control?
Hormones.
How does the NS use the Endocrine Cells?
ITthelps to regulate a system of glands and organs with endocrine cells that regulate the internal environment of the body with the release of hormones.
True or False : The Endocrine system is the quickest but most short acting on the body?
No. The hormonal system is slower, but has a longer effect.
What are hormones?
Mediating chemicals that are released in one part of the body in response to an environmental change to the body. They normally effect another part of the body.
How do hormones work?
They target receptors inside specific cells or they target receptors on a cell surface.
They use hormones alongside the NS to control and co-ordinate body functions.
How does Tortora & Derrickson (2006) describe hormones?
The ‘mediator molecules released in one part of the body but regulating the activity of other parts.’
Name examples (Up to 10) of what hormones can control?
Chemical composition of internal fluid.
Metabolism.
Energy Balance.
Contraction of smooth & cardiac muscle fibres.
Glandular secretion.
Immune system activities.
Controlling growth & development.
Regulating operation of reproductive systems.
Helping to establish circadian rythms and NS functions.
True or False : Homes act directly on target cells?
No. Some will help release other hormones from other glands. These then act on target cells.
Name some examples of hormones?
Human Growth hormone stimulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and suppressed by growth hormone inhibiting hormone. It promotes growth and repair and regulars metabolism.
Thyroid - Controls secretions and activities of thyroid gland.
Prolactin - Helps to promote milk secretion.
Adrenocorticotropic - Production and secretion of Cortisol.
What are the two types of glands?
Exocrine & Endocrine.
What are Exocrine glands?
Secrete product into ducts, then to cavity of organ, body or surface of body. E.g. Digestive.
What are Endocrine glands?
Secrete product into interstitial fluid then into bloodstream to target cells.
What gland is both Endocrine and Exocrine?
The pancreas is a glandular organ that helps with digestion and with producing hormones.
What is the Hypothalamus?
Integration between the NS and the Endocrine System.
Neural and glandular tissue.
It mediates and triggers the release of hormones.
EXCEPT : Anti-diuretic hormone which is secreted from the Pituitary gland, which directly impacts the kidneys.
What is the Pituitary Gland?
‘The Master Gland’.
It is rules by the Hypothalamus.
What are the two lobes of the Pituitary Gland?
Anterior Pituitary.
Posterior Pituitary.
They secrete different hormones with different functions.
What is the importance of the Hypothalamus?
It regulates Homeostasis between the two systems.
Creates Initiating and inhibiting hormones.
What is the Thyroid Gland?
Regulation and metabolism.
What is TSH?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
What is the Parathyroid Hormones?
Releases calcium from the bone to regulate levels.
And Phosphate.
What are the endocrine glands?
Live Stomach Duodenum Kidney Pancreas Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla
Describe a Negative Feedback Loop.
NS detects the change from homeostasis, then triggers the Endocrine System. The hypothalum tells the pituitary gland to relase the require hormone.
It revers any extreme changes.
Example of the Positive Feedback Loop.
BReast Feeding and Oxytocin.
The more stimulation of feeding the baby, the more the Oxytocin stimulates the production of milk.
What is the difference between Positive and Negative Feedback Loops?
Negative feedback loops attempt to decrease or buffer changes to support equilibrium, but Positive feedback loops increases a system away from its equilibrium.
What is the Thymus Gland?
Plays a role in acquired immunity and lymphocyte development. This is created through life.
What is the Endocrine Funciton of the Pancreas?
Regualtion of Blood Glucose Levels - 4-7mmol/L.
Above = Can cdamage blood vessels and organs. So insulin is released from Pancreatic Beta cells and they allow cells to make use of the available glucose. (Insulin = Key. Glucose = Lock). Convert excess glucose into Glucogen. Can break down Glucogen in the Lever too. It also stimulates the synthesis of protein
What organ doesn’t need Insulin to use glucose?
The Brain.
What is the process of excess glucose into Gylogen?
Glycogenesis.
By decreasing Glycogenolysis.
What is is the synthesis of protein?
It stores the protein that can be used.
Is the break down of protein good?
No. When protein is broken down, which produces acidic Ketones, causing DKA. This is because the body is unable to use the Glucose and Glypcgenolysis.
Explain a negative Feedback Loop?
Hypoglycemia stimulares Alpha Cells to secreate Glucagon.
Glucagon acts on Hepatocytes to converst glycogen into glucose (Glycogenolysis and forms flucose from lactic acid and cern amino acids (gluconeogenesis).
GLucose reased by hepatocytes raises blood glucose level t normal leve.
If blood glucose continues to rise, hyperglycemia ihibits the release of glucogeon.
Hyperglycemia stimulates Beta Cells to secrete Insulin.
Insulin: accelerates facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells; speed conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis); increases uptake of amino acids and increases protein synthesis; speeds synthesis of fatty acids (Lipohenesis); slows glycogenolysis; slows gluconeogenesis.
Blood glucose level falls.
If blood glucose continues to fall, hypoglycemia inhibits release of insulin.
What happens to disruption in the ES?
Abnormal function and potential cell/organ death.
