TES

Question 1

Simply, what does the Endocrine System control?

Answer 1

Hormones.

Question 2

How does the NS use the Endocrine Cells?

Answer 2

ITthelps to regulate a system of glands and organs with endocrine cells that regulate the internal environment of the body with the release of hormones.

Question 3

True or False : The Endocrine system is the quickest but most short acting on the body?

Answer 3

No. The hormonal system is slower, but has a longer effect.

Question 4

What are hormones?

Answer 4

Mediating chemicals that are released in one part of the body in response to an environmental change to the body. They normally effect another part of the body.

Question 5

How do hormones work?

Answer 5

They target receptors inside specific cells or they target receptors on a cell surface.
They use hormones alongside the NS to control and co-ordinate body functions.

Question 6

How does Tortora & Derrickson (2006) describe hormones?

Answer 6

The ‘mediator molecules released in one part of the body but regulating the activity of other parts.’

Question 7

Name examples (Up to 10) of what hormones can control?

Answer 7

Chemical composition of internal fluid.
Metabolism.
Energy Balance.
Contraction of smooth & cardiac muscle fibres.
Glandular secretion.
Immune system activities.
Controlling growth & development.
Regulating operation of reproductive systems.
Helping to establish circadian rythms and NS functions.

Question 8

True or False : Homes act directly on target cells?

Answer 8

No. Some will help release other hormones from other glands. These then act on target cells.

Question 9

Name some examples of hormones?

Answer 9

Human Growth hormone stimulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and suppressed by growth hormone inhibiting hormone. It promotes growth and repair and regulars metabolism.
Thyroid - Controls secretions and activities of thyroid gland.
Prolactin - Helps to promote milk secretion.
Adrenocorticotropic - Production and secretion of Cortisol.

Question 10

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 10

Exocrine & Endocrine.

Question 11

What are Exocrine glands?

Answer 11

Secrete product into ducts, then to cavity of organ, body or surface of body. E.g. Digestive.

Question 12

What are Endocrine glands?

Answer 12

Secrete product into interstitial fluid then into bloodstream to target cells.

Question 13

What gland is both Endocrine and Exocrine?

Answer 13

The pancreas is a glandular organ that helps with digestion and with producing hormones.

Question 14

What is the Hypothalamus?

Answer 14

Integration between the NS and the Endocrine System.
Neural and glandular tissue.
It mediates and triggers the release of hormones.
EXCEPT : Anti-diuretic hormone which is secreted from the Pituitary gland, which directly impacts the kidneys.

Question 15

What is the Pituitary Gland?

Answer 15

‘The Master Gland’.

It is rules by the Hypothalamus.

Question 16

What are the two lobes of the Pituitary Gland?

Answer 16

Anterior Pituitary.
Posterior Pituitary.

They secrete different hormones with different functions.

Question 17

What is the importance of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 17

It regulates Homeostasis between the two systems.

Creates Initiating and inhibiting hormones.

Question 18

What is the Thyroid Gland?

Answer 18

Regulation and metabolism.

Question 19

What is TSH?

Answer 19

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.

Question 20

What is the Parathyroid Hormones?

Answer 20

Releases calcium from the bone to regulate levels.

And Phosphate.

Question 21

What are the endocrine glands?

Answer 21

Live
Stomach
Duodenum
Kidney
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla

Question 22

Describe a Negative Feedback Loop.

Answer 22

NS detects the change from homeostasis, then triggers the Endocrine System. The hypothalum tells the pituitary gland to relase the require hormone.

It revers any extreme changes.

Question 23

Example of the Positive Feedback Loop.

Answer 23

BReast Feeding and Oxytocin.

The more stimulation of feeding the baby, the more the Oxytocin stimulates the production of milk.

Question 24

What is the difference between Positive and Negative Feedback Loops?

Answer 24

Negative feedback loops attempt to decrease or buffer changes to support equilibrium, but Positive feedback loops increases a system away from its equilibrium.

Question 25

What is the Thymus Gland?

Answer 25

Plays a role in acquired immunity and lymphocyte development. This is created through life.

Question 26

What is the Endocrine Funciton of the Pancreas?

Answer 26

Regualtion of Blood Glucose Levels - 4-7mmol/L.
Above = Can cdamage blood vessels and organs. So insulin is released from Pancreatic Beta cells and they allow cells to make use of the available glucose. (Insulin = Key. Glucose = Lock). Convert excess glucose into Glucogen. Can break down Glucogen in the Lever too. It also stimulates the synthesis of protein

Question 27

What organ doesn’t need Insulin to use glucose?

Answer 27

The Brain.

Question 28

What is the process of excess glucose into Gylogen?

Answer 28

Glycogenesis.

By decreasing Glycogenolysis.

Question 29

What is is the synthesis of protein?

Answer 29

It stores the protein that can be used.

Question 30

Is the break down of protein good?

Answer 30

No. When protein is broken down, which produces acidic Ketones, causing DKA. This is because the body is unable to use the Glucose and Glypcgenolysis.

Question 31

Explain a negative Feedback Loop?

Answer 31

Hypoglycemia stimulares Alpha Cells to secreate Glucagon.

Glucagon acts on Hepatocytes to converst glycogen into glucose (Glycogenolysis and forms flucose from lactic acid and cern amino acids (gluconeogenesis).

GLucose reased by hepatocytes raises blood glucose level t normal leve.

If blood glucose continues to rise, hyperglycemia ihibits the release of glucogeon.

Hyperglycemia stimulates Beta Cells to secrete Insulin.

Insulin: accelerates facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells; speed conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis); increases uptake of amino acids and increases protein synthesis; speeds synthesis of fatty acids (Lipohenesis); slows glycogenolysis; slows gluconeogenesis.

Blood glucose level falls.

If blood glucose continues to fall, hypoglycemia inhibits release of insulin.

Question 32

What happens to disruption in the ES?

Answer 32

Abnormal function and potential cell/organ death.