Defense, Heredity and Lifespan Flashcards
What do Mast Cells do?
Release histamine in response to damage (IgE).
This may cause vascular leakage, increases white cell activity around injury. Also causes vasodilation to increase transport of WBC.
What do WBC realise as an Inflammatory response?
Inflammatory Cytokines. This may cause Chemotaxis. WBC move along a concentration gradient to damaged area.
What is Leucocytosis?
Increased number WBC’s.
Could be infection or Cancers.
What might be an external sign or symptom of an Inflammatory Cascade?
Redness, Heat, Pain, Swelling.
Describe 2 Innate Immunity Responses?
Neutrophils & Macrophages - Engulf microbes and dead tissue cause if Pus (Phagocytosis).
Complement System - complement is collection of around 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood awaiting activation by bacterial infection. When complement become s active it causes the release of chemical mediators by mast cells and macrophages which will amplify (compliment) the inflammatory process. Compliment can also kill bacteria directly bye for me membrane attack complexes (MAC), proteins the insert themselves into cell walls of bacteria causing them to lose (leak) and die.
Natural Killer Cells - Kill microbes by cell wall destruction (Non-Specific).
Interferons - interferons are small proteins secreted by immune cells that are particularly effective against viruses.
Acquired Immunity Response?
B Cells - Each B Cell possesses surface receptors for a specific type of foreign antigen such as that found on the cell wall of bacteria once an antigen binds to an activate to be sell it will multiply rapidly and form an army of identical clone cells. These cells are responsible for quickly producing enormous numbers of antibodies (Immunoglobulins).
They can also activate the Complement System.
What are the Inflammatory markers?
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM
What is a Histamine Response Marker?
IgE
Examples of Cells Mediated Response?
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8) - Responds to Antigen presenting cells that present pathogen cell antigens (any white cell can do this.
They kill infected target cells by apoptosis.
TH1 Cells - Which activate macrophages.
TH2 Cells - Which stimulate be sells into producing more antibodies to mark pathogen is that have specific antigens.
Describe the Inflammatory Cascade?
Perceived Threat = Adaptive immune system.
Infection = AIS or Innate immune system.
Tissue Injury, AIS & IIS = Leucocyte & Endothelial Cell Activation = Inflammatory Mediators + Inflammation (Redness, Edema, Warmth, Pain, Tissue Destruction).
What medications m are used to relieve the Inflammatory Cascade?
NAAIDS, Paracetamol, Antihistamines.
