Terms Review Flashcards
Duration Type:
Annual
plants that live, reproduce, and die in one growing season.
Duration Type:
Perennial
The term “perennial” refers to herbaceous (“green”) plants since woody plants, such as trees, are perennial by definition.
Can be Herbaceous or Woody
Duration Type:
Biennial
plants that need two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, normally completing vegetative growth the first year and flowering the second year.
Leaf Parts:
Blade (lamina)
the flat part of a leaf; the blade, which is the widest part of the leaf
Leaf Parts:
Midrib
Most leaves have a midrib, which travels the length of the leaf and branches to each side to produce veins of vascular tissue.
Leaf Parts:
Rachis
the main axis of a compound structure. It can be the main stem of a compound leaf, such as in Acacia or ferns, or the main, flower-bearing portion of an inflorescence above a supporting peduncle.
Leaf Parts:
Margin
The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf.
main part of the leaf, usually large and flat
Leaf Part:
Petiole
The petiole is the stalk that supports a leaf in a plant and attaches it to the stem.
Leaf Parts:
Sessile
sessile refers to leaves that are directly attached to the plant’s base. These leaves do not depend on any stalks and are borne directly from the plant’s stem since they do not have a petiole.
Leaf Parts:
Petiolate
having a stalk or petiole.
Leaf Parts:
Stipules
a small leaflike paired appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk.
Leaf Parts:
Stipulate
(Adj.) Furnished with stipules; as, a stipulate leaf.
Leaf Parts:
Leaf axil
the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf, branch, or petiole.
Leaf Parts:
Leaflet
each of the leaflike structures that together make up a compound leaf
Habit:
Acaulescent
adj (of plants) having no apparent stem above ground, no visible stem
ex. (succulents)
Habit:
Caulescent
having a well-developed stem above ground.
Habit:
Herbaceous
lacking wood; having the characters of a herb
Habit:
Woody
having a hard thickened, vascular tissue (xylem) thats develops in trees, shrubs, and vines
Habit:
Scapose
pertaining to a plant or an inflorescence having a realtively long peduncle that arises from ground level, often a rossete, somtimes bearing bracts but w/o lvs
Habit:
Succulent
plants that have some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word “succulent” comes from the Latin word sucus, meaningjuice, or sap.
Root Systems:
Fibrous
having a fibrous root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness, as in grasses (opposite of taproot).
Root Systems:
Tap Roots
Tapered root that generally grows staright down into soil and has smaller, later branches.
Root Systems:
Adventitous Root
Arising at unusal times or places,arise from an organ other than the root-usually stem, or leaf. Said of plant structures such as roots on aerial stems
Shoot Modifications:
Rhizome
Underground, often elongate, more or less horizontal stem. Distinguished from root by presebce of leaves, leaf scars, scales, buds, etc.
Shoot Modifications:
Stolon
Runner; a normally thin, elongate stem lying more or less flat on the ground and forming roots as well as stems or shoots at generally widely spaced nodes.
Shoot Modifications:
Tuber
a short, fleshy, thick, underground stem for storage ( of water, food, or both) and sometimes propogation (potato)
Shoot Modifications:
Bulb
a short underground stem and the fleshy leaves or leaf bases attached to and surrounding it - (onion)
Shoot Modifications:
Corm
short, thick, unbranched, underground stem often surrounded by dry leaves or leaf bases.
Sharp Armaments:
Thorn (Mfd Ltl Sht)
Sharp-pointed branch, stem/shoot.
Sharp Armaments:
Spine
Sharp-pointed projection, derived from leaf or other , such as ovary wall (ex. Cirsium arvense)
Sharp Armaments:
Prickle
Superficial, Sharp-pointed, derived from epidermis, bark,etc
Leaf Venation:
Pinnate
Feather like, with two row structures on opposite sides of an axis.
Leaf Venation:
Palmate
Radiating from a common point
Leaf Venation:
Parallel
Parallel venation means the veins present with in the leaves are arranged parallel to each other. … No branching is seen in parallel venation.
Leaf Arrangement:
Alternate
A single leaf is attached at a node.
Leaf Arrangement:
Opposite
A pair (2) of leaves is attached at a node
Leaf Arrangement:
Whorled
Whorled: Three or more leaves are attached at a node.
Leaf Architecture:
Simple
consisting of a single lamina.
Leaf Architecture:
Palmately Compound
a leaf with separate subunits (leaflets)
attached at the apex of a petiole.
Leaf Architecture:
Trifoliate
a compound leaf with three leaflets
Leaf Architecture:
Lobed
leaves the blade shape is determined from an ellipse drawn around the apices of the lobes, LOBES are marginal indentations that reach 1/4 or more of the distance to the midvein, measured
parallel to the axis of symmetry of the lobe
Leaf Architecture:
Pinnately Compound
a leaf with leaflets arranged along a rachis.
Leaf Architecture:
Twice-Pinnately Compund
compound leaf dissected twice with leaflets arranged along rachillae that are attached to the rachis
Overall Blade Shapes:
Linear
many times longer than broad, approximately parallel sides
Overall Blade Shapes:
Ovate
egg-shaped, widest below the middle
Overall Blade Shapes:
Obovate
reverse of ovate
Overall Blade Shapes:
Lanceolate
lance-shaped; widest about 1/3 from the base, tapering to apex
Overall Blade Shapes:
Oblanceolate
reverse of lanceolate (switch the base and apex when you add ob-)
Overall Blade Shapes:
Cordate
Heart-shaped. The leaf is attached to the petiole at the notched end.
Overall Blade Shapes:
Deltoid
triangular, delta-shaped
Overall Blade Shapes:
Elliptical
like an ellipse, widest at the center
Overall Blade Shapes:
Oblong
longer than broad with parallel sides
Leaf Margin:
Entire
The margin is even and smooth around the entire leaf edge.
Leaf Margin:
Serrate
The margin has a series of toothlike pointed teeth around the entire leaf edge.
Leaf Margin:
Dentate
Margins with continuous, generally outward-pointing teeth.
Leaf Margin:
Crenate
Margins with continuous, rounded, and generally outward-pointing teeth; dentate with conspicuously rounded teeth
Apex of Blade:
Acute
Ending in a sharp, but not prolonged point
Apex of Blade:
Obtuse
Rounded or blunt
Apex of Blade:
Acuminate
Long-pointed, prolonged into a narrow, tapering point in a concave manner
Base of Blade:
Acute
Coming to a sharp, but not prolonged point.
Base of Blade:
Cordate
Heart-shaped with the notch towards the stalk.
Base of Blade:
Obtuse
obtuse shaped leaf
Base of Blade:
Truncate
Ending abruptly with a flat end, that looks cut off.
Vestiture:
Glabrous
Without hairs of any kind
Vestiture:
Pubescent
With a hairy surface–there are many kinds of hairiness:
Vestiture:
Puberulent
Puberulent, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down.
Vestiture:
Tomentose
Covered with dense, interwoven trichomes (hairs)
Vestiture:
Glaucous
Covered with a bloom or smooth, waxy coating
Vestiture:
Simple Hair
A
Vestiture:
Branched Hair
B
Vestiture:
Glandular Hair
D (covered with minute bumps) that consists of a stalk that supports the secretory head. The stalk may be short – as shown here – or longer, and the head may be just a single cell or a group of several cells
Vestiture:
Trichome
Any epidermal outgrowth of a plant, A common type of trichome is a hair. Plant hairs may be unicellular or multicellular, branched or unbranched
Bract
small, modified leaf- or scale-like structure associated with an inflorescence or cone. especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, Generally subtends a branch, peduncle, pedicel, flower, or cone scale.
Tendril
A slender, coiling structure (generally stem, stipule, or leaf tip) by which climbing a plant becomes attached to its support (green beans)
Shoot
A stem and its appendages collectively. Sometimes used for all aboveground parts of a plant.
Node
Position on an axis (generally a stem) from which one or more structures (esp leaves) arise
Internode
Stem segment btwn lvs; segment of an axis btwn two successive points for appendages
Evergreen
relating to or denoting a plant that retains green leaves throughout the year.
Deciduous
(of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually. or being broadleaved
Basal Leaves
A basal leaf is one that grows from the lowest part of the stem. Basal, in general, refers to the base of a structure.
Cauline Leaves
borne on a stem; not basal. Said especially of lvs borne along an above ground stem
Adaxial
facing toward the stem of a plant (in particular denoting the upper surface of a leaf).
Flower Parts:
Sepals
(Calyx) Individual member of the calyx, whether fused or not, generally green
Flower Parts:
Petals
individual member of the corolla, whether fused or not; often conspicuously colored (Corolla)
Flower Parts:
Stamens
(Androecium) Male reproductive structure of a flwr, typically composed of a stalk-like filament and a terminal, pollen-producing anther. Filaments sometimes partly fuse to the corolla, or to other filaments to form a tube
Flower Parts:
Carpels
The basic female structure of flowering plants, in concept derived from a leaf; an evolutionary term rarely used for Identification
Flower Parts:
Calyx
Collective term for sepals
Flower Parts:
Corolla
collective term for petals
Flower Parts:
Perianth
Caylx and Corolla Collectively. the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx
Flower Parts:
Androecium
the collective of stamens
Flower Parts:
Gynoecium
the female part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels.
Flower Parts:
Pistil
Female reproductive structure of a flwr, composed of an ovule-containing ovary at base. one or more pollen-recieving stigmas at the tip, and generally one more styles btwn ovary and stigma. A flower may have one or more simple pistils or one compund pistil
Loss of Whorls:
Complete
C, Flower contains all whorls (A, B, C)
Loss of Whorls:
Incomplete
Flower missing 1 or more whorl
(bottom)
Loss of Whorls:
Apetalous
No petals present (D,E)
Loss of Whorls:
Perfect flower (bisexual)
with both male and female reproductive parts
Loss of Whorls:
Imperfect (unisexual)
a flower that is lacking either stamen or pistil
Loss of Whorls:
Staminate
having fertile stamen but sterile or missing pistils. Said of flowers, inflorescences, or plants.
Loss of Whorls:
Pistillate
Having fertile pistils, but sterile or missing stamens.
Loss of Whorls:
Monoecious
(of a plant or invertebrate animal) having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite
Loss of Whorls:
Dioecious
male and female plants seperate.
Symmetry:
Actinomorphic (radial)
characterized by radial symmetry, such as a starfish or the flower of a daisy.
Symmetry:
Zygomorphic (Bilateral)
(of a flower) having only one plane of symmetry, as in a pea or snapdragon; bilaterally symmetrical.
Fusions:
Connation (connate)
when like parts are fused or united
Fusions:
Adanation
the union of unlike parts; organically united or fused with another dissimilar part
Fusions:
Synsepalous
All the sepals of a flower are fused into a cup or tube, the fused portion is the calyx tube and any non fused tips are the calyx lobes.
Fusions:
Synpetalous
All the petals of a flower are fused into a cup, tube, or other shape.
Fusions:
Apocarpous
(of a flower, fruit, or ovary) having distinct carpels that are not joined together.
Fusions:
Syncarpous
(of a flower, fruit, or ovary) having the carpels united.
Fusions:
Epipetalous
Stamens that are partly fused to the petals and therefore appear to arise from them
Fusion:
Separate Parts
Androecium:
Stamen
The male reproductive organs of a flower considered as a group; the stamens.
Androecium:
Filament
the long stalk of the stamen, and the top is usually the anther
Androecium
Anther
the oval-shaped, pollen-producing structure on the top of stamen.
Androecium:
Staminode
an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen. frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.
Gynoecium:
Carpel
The carpels are female reproductive structures that produce egg cells and protect a developing babyplant, or embryo. The three main parts of a carpel are the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is where pollination occurs
Gynoecium:
Style
structure found within the flower. It is a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary. The stigma is at the top of thestyle
Gynoecium:
Stigma
The stigma is part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil. The stigma is on top of the style. The stigma can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen.
Gynoecium:
Ovary
the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals.
In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium.
Gynoecium:
Placenta
the surface of the carpel (highly modified leaf) to which the ovules (potential seeds) are attached.
Gynoecium:
Locule (chamber)
to a chamber within an ovary (gynoecium or carpel) of the flower and fruits. … The number of loculespresent in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels.
Gynoecium:
Ovule
located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium. The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary
Gynoecium:
Septum
A partition that separates the locules of a fruit, anther, or sporangium
Gynoecium:
Pistil
Pistil, the female reproductive part of a flower. The pistil, centrally located, typically consists of a swollen base
Ovary Postition:
Superior Ovary
(Hypogynous) is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries, drupes, etc.
Ovary Postition:
Hypogynous
having the stamens and other floral parts situated below the carpels
Ovary Postition:
Inferior Ovary
lies below the attachment of other floral parts. (epigynous)
ex. orchids
Ovary Postition:
Epigynous
Inferior Ovary, lies below the attachment of other floral parts.
Fruit Parts:
Paricarp
the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary
Fruit Parts:
Suture
a seam formed when two parts unite. a line of dehiscence along which a fruit, as a pod or capsule, splits.
Fruit Parts:
Valve
The valves are a part of the pericarp (fruit wall) that has split away, without enclosing the seed or seeds
Fruit Parts:
Dehiscent
Dry Fruits can be divided into those in which the seeds are contained in a seedpod of some sort which opens to release the seeds
Fruit Parts:
Indehiscent
Indehiscent fruits do not burst or split open at maturity, the seeds are liberated only by the decaying or by accidental destruction of the pericarp
Fruit Types:
Achene
small, thin-walled one-seeded dry indehiscent fruit., seed separate from ovary wall
Fruit Types:
Samara
A one- or two-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in which part of the fruit wall grows out into a wing.
Fruit Types:
Nut
A dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit similar to an achene but with the wall greatly thickened and hardened. (beech, chestnut, oak, hazel; walnut and hickory - note: because of extrafloral bracts, or “husk”, the latter two fruits are sometimes called “drupes”).
Fruit Types:
Capsule
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels.
Fruit Types:
Follicle
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from 1 carpel and at maturity splitting along only one suture.
Fruit Types:
Drupe
one-seeded simple fruit developed from a superior ovary in which the innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony, the outermost part (exocarp) becomes a relatively thin skin, and the middle portion between the skin and the stone (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or fibrous. (cherry, coconut, walnut and hickory).
Fruit Types:
Berry
A simple fruit in which the ovary wall or at least its inner portions become enlarged and usually juicy. (grape, banana, gooseberry).
Fruit Clusters:
Multiple
A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils often with accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers. (mulberry, fig)
Fruit Clusters:
Aggregate
A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils from the same flower. The individual units may be berries or other specific types. (raspberry, strawberry).
Fruit Clusters:
Achenetum
#7“Fruit Aggregates” An aggregation of achenes
Fruit Clusters:
Follicetum
#5, “Fruit Aggregates” An aggregation of follicles.
Fruit Clusters:
Drupetum
#2“Fruit Aggregates” An aggregation of drupes.
Inflorescence Parts:
Pedicel
The stalk of a flower in inflorescence.
Inflorescence Parts:
Peduncle
The stalk of inflorescence or a single flower.
Inflorescence Parts:
Rachis
The axis of a compound inflorescence.
Inflorescence Parts:
Bract
Small single leaf like items.
Inflorescence Types:
Spike
“Inflorescence Type” When sessile flowers in an inflorescence open from bottom to top.
Inflorescence Types:
Raceme
“Inflorescence Type” A non branced inflorescence with pedicels that open bottom to top.
Inflorescence Types:
Panicle
“Inflorescence Type” A branched inflorescence with basal flowers opening first.
Inflorescence Types:
Corymb
“Inflorescence Type” A flat topped flower cluster where pedicels grow to the same height.
Inflorescence Types:
Simple Umbel
“Inflorescence Type” A non divided branched inflorescence with pedicels that radiate from a common point.
Inflorescence Types:
Compound Umbel
“Inflorescence Type” A branched inflorescence that radiate from a common with more branches radiating from a common point.
Inflorescence Types:
Head
Inflorescence Type” A dense often spherical inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
Inflorescence Types:
Cyme
“Inflorescence Type” A branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens first.
