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Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Tropaeolaceae; Tropaeolum ~90 sp: (Garden nasturtium)

Climbing herbs with orbicular,

Lvs: peltate leaves and twining petioles

Corolla: Brightly colored zygomorphic flowers:

FF: 5 sepals, 5 petals, 8 stamens, 3 connate carpels Prominent nectar spur extends from the upper-most sepal

Fruit: Fruit breaks into three single-seeded sections at maturity (schizocarp)

Other info: Foliage and flowers add a pleasant peppery accent to salads [related to the mustard family and deploying the same kind of secondary chemistry defense system]

Note: this is a genus of about 90 species, some of which have deeply palmately lobed leaves and rather different looking flowers – try “google imaging” examples of some of these.

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2
Q

Family: Ericaceae

Genus: Vaccinium

Characteristics:

A

1’ Deciduous

3’ Entire lf; Calyx lobes

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3
Q

Ericaceae (Family)

Genus… (V.)

Species ()

A

Vaccinium Parvifolium

CN: Red Huckleberry

1’ Leaves deciduous (rarely evergreen in young plants of Vaccinium parvifolium), thin or ± thick, veins generally prominent abaxially; pedicel not jointed to flower; filaments glabrous

3’ Leaf serrate or minutely so (but see Vaccinium parvifolium); calyx lobes ± 0 or generally < tube, deciduous; twigs angled or not, green or not; flowers often 1 in axils of lowest leaves of youngest shoots

4’ Twigs strongly angled, green; fruit red to dark blue or purple

7’ Leaf margins flat, generally not ciliate; berry red, not glaucous; hypanthium scar to 1/2 width of berry.

  1. Plant erect shrub, 10–40 dm, generally not rhizomed; leaf entire to serrate or with only deciduous, sharp point at tip, abaxially (especially midvein) puberulent ….. V. parvifolium
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4
Q

Ericaceae (Family)

Genus… (V.)

Species ()

A

Vaccinium ovatum

CN: California Huckleberry/Black Huckleberry

  1. Leaves evergreen, leathery, veins not prominent abaxially; pedicel

jointed to flower; filaments ± hairy

2’ Plant 5–30 dm, branches stout; leaf 20–50 mm,

serrate ; corolla lobes < tube, erect to spreading when anthers open …..

V. ovatum

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5
Q
A

Alliaceae (Allium) “Onion Family” Sp. Allium (Onion)

Fruit: Bulb

Inflorescence: Umbel inflorescence; Scapose, Inflorescence bract, spathe

Corolla: Tepals

FF: 3,3,6,3

Similar to Lily!

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6
Q
A

Family Iridaceae “Iris Family” Sp. Iris

*,3,3,3,3

Inferior ovary

3 stamen capsule

Equitant leaves

Erect “banner-like” petals

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7
Q
A

Family ranunculaceae (Buttercup family) Ranunculus Genera

Habit: Ann/per herb (1 exception: clematis =woods) basal and cauline

Leaf arch: ternate (ternately lobed/compound)

Base of petiole flat->arranged in 3’s “clasps the stem”

Flower: apocarpous gynoecium

Many stamen

Hooked tips on pistils (fruits)

Fruit: achenes (many carpels) follicles (several carpels)

Leaf Arch: ternately lobed (dissected/compound)

Symmetry: Radial

Perianth: 5,5

Nectar dispenser: flap at base of each petal

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8
Q
A

(F) Ranunculaceae

(G) Delphinium (Genera) CN:larkspur

Leaf Arch: ternately (palmately) lobed

Symmetry: bilateral

Perianth: 5,4

Nectar dispenser: 2 nectar-secreting petals housed in a tubular sepal

FF: X, 5,4, many, 3

Sepals petal-like and showy UPPER 1st SEPAL IS SPURRED)

2 nectar secreting petals and 2 guard petal to protect sexual whorls

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9
Q
A

Aquilegia (Genus) CN: Columbine

Leaf Arch: ternately (palmately) lobed

Symmetry: Radial

Perianth: 5,5

Nectar dispenser: 5 tubular petals

All petals are spurred!!

Hummingbird dispersal

follicles!

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10
Q
A

Nymphaea (Family) CN: Water lilys

Long horizontal rhizome underground

Long leaf petiole

Large flowers with many parts

Attract beetles

Basal angiosperms

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11
Q

Genus

& CN

A

Penstemon(Beard’s tongue)

Habit: perennial herb, shrub

Leaf Arch: Simple leaves (lanceolate, elliptical)

Distal sessile

Generally opposite

Flower:

X,5,5,4+1,2

Capitate stigma

Fruit: Capsule

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12
Q

Family

CN

A

Family Plantaginaceae

Plantago (Plantains)

Habit: Scapose herbs

Leaf Arch: Simple, basal leaves w/ parallel venation

Infl/Flowers: reduced wind pollinated= Scarious

X,4,4,4,2

In dense spikes

Fruit: Capsule

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13
Q
A

FF: X,5^,3+2^,4,2

Habit: Annuals to shrubs (tree=Leak)

square/4 angled stems

Opposite leaves

Gen. pubescent/ gland dotted

Simple, gen. crenate/ dentate (serrate) margins

Flower:

Strongly zygomorphic

Bilabiate corolla

2 petals up

3 petals down

2 long 2 short stamen

Verticillaster-> Inflourescence of opposite cymes that occur in pairs creating a false whorl

Nototribic flowers-> pollen is deposited on the back of the visiting animal

Fruit: Gynobasic style w/ 4 lobed ovary

Schizocarp w/ 4 nutlets

Gynobasic-> style arising from the base of the ovary

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14
Q
A

Mimulus (Monkey flower)

Habit: annual to shrub

FF: X,5,5,2+2,2

Lf. Arch: simple, gen sessile, gen serrated

Occasionally glandular sticky/pubescent

Opposite

Flower:

Pleated calyx

Bilabiate

2 lobbed stigma sensitive to touch

Fruit: capsule

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15
Q
A

Habit: annual to shrub

FF: X,5,5,2+2,2

Inflorescence: raceme, bracted, fls 1-4 per node

Lf. Arch: entire, gen sessile, gen serrated

Occasionally glandular sticky/pubescent

Opposite

Flower:

  • Pleated calyx
  • Bilabiate
  • 2 lobbed stigma sensitive to touch

Fruit: capsule

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16
Q
A

Erythranthe (mk fl)

Habit: annual or perennial herb, glabous herb

Lf: gen. Sessile, gen green or red

Inflorescence: raceme, bracted, or fls gen 2 per axil

Fr: capsule

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17
Q
A

Family Plantaginaceae “Plantain Family”

Plantago (Plantains)

FF: X,4,4,4,2

Habit: Scapose herbs

Leaf Arch: Simple, basal leaves w/ parallel venation

Infl/Flowers: reduced wind pollinated= Scarious

In dense spikes

Fruit: Capsule

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18
Q
A

(F) Plantaginaceae.

(G) Penstemon(Beard’s tongue)

Habit: perennial herb, shrub

Leaf Arch: Simple leaves (lanceolate, elliptical)

Distal sessile

Generally opposite

Flower: X,5,5,4+1,2

Capitate stigma

Fruit: Capsule

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19
Q
A

Family Aristolochiaceae “Pipevine Family” SP. Asarum

Asarum (Wild Ginger)

Habit: Herbaceous, perennial

Basal angiosperm

Fl:3-parted dark colored flowers; no petals, just sepals

Lvs: Cordate leaves

Rhizomatous

Ancient, not eudicot or monocot

Capsules in fr, protein packets for ants to help germinate

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20
Q
A

Family Malvaceae “cheese/Hibiscus f”

Habit: annual to trees

FF: *,3-5^,5,many,5-8

Leaf architecture: simple gen. Palmately lobed

Stellate vestiture

Flower:

Stamen are monadelphous and form a filament tube

Epipetalous

Fruit: Schizocarp w/ mericarps or Capsule

Vestiture: Stellate hairs

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21
Q
A

Family Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Family

SP. Eucalyptus

Non-native

FF: *,5,5,many,4,5

  • Hypanthium
  • Woody capsule
  • Inferior ovary
  • Epigynous
  • Perianth, sepals & petals fused onto calyptra
  • Sikle shape lf, like grim reaper
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22
Q

Family Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Family

A
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23
Q
A

Family Papaveraceae “Poppy family”

Habit: Annual- perennial (mostly herbs, but some woody)

Foliage with milky sap

FF: X|*,2 or 3, 2 or 6, many, 2 (6 in dicentra)

Lf Arch: simple to pinnately lobed/ dissected/compound (1-2x)

Sepals ephemeral deciduous

Glue (uzz/laytex), that comes out once cut at stem

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24
Q

Genus

A

(G) Papaver “Common Poppy ”

Corolla: Flower buds nodding; 2 fuzzy deciduous sepals fall off; Petals wrinkly and in 2 layers (2 petals per whorl)

Note the many stamens and many carpels

Fruit is a poricidal capsule (poricidal capsule dehiscence)

Sap gen. yellow or orange

Stigmatic disc

Gynoecium: No style

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**Eschscholzia californica “California Poppy ”** Highly pinnately dissected leaves (1-4x) **FF: +, 2, 4, many, 2** **Fr**: Capsule w/ valvate dehiscence Calyptra of 2 fused sepals fall off to expose corolla Many stamen 2 fused carpels with deeply lobed stigmas **Ovary Position**: Superior Ovary Receptacle funnel-shaped and with “rim” Sap colorless or orange
26
**Dicentra “Bleeding Hearts ”** **Fl**: 2 deciduous sepals; biradial (Zygo), heart shaped **FF: +,2,2+2, 3+3** Outer 2 petals pouched Inner 2 petals fused at tips 6 stamen (fused on sits of 3)/ 2 sets of 3 Sap colorless **Lvs**: Deeply dissected
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Family
**Polygonaceae (Family)** ∞ small fls Habit: ann-per herb (shrub) Sometimes ocreae & swollen nodes (“knees”) Sometimes; involcres FR: achene gen 3-sided
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Family & Genus
**(F) Polygonaceae (G) Eriogonum (wild Buckwheat)** **Common Name:** wild buckwheat **Habit**: perennial **Fl:** \*,-3,3-,9,\_^ (Superior) **Corolla Format:** **Ovary Position:** Superior **Fruit**: Achene **Involucre**: set of bracts associated w/ clusters of fls (or frs); fused in **Eriogonum** **Inflorescence**: bracts at nodes
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**Rumex (Family Polygonaceae) CN: dock** **Habit**: perennial **Fl: \*,3,3,6,3\_^ (Superior)** **Corolla Format**: tubercles form after flowering **Ovary Position**: Superior **Fruit**: achene, even tho fused carpels **Inflorescence**: panicle-like **Ocrea**: fused stipules, sheathing around stem;
30
**Family Brassicaceae: Raphanus (Mustard Family)** **Habit**: Herbaceous, annual **Fruit**: distinct crucifer style capsules **F.F: \*,4,4,4+2,2 (and hat over 2)** \*stamens are different sizes
31
Family and Genus
**Family Grossulariaceae\* (Gooseberry)** **Ribes (Currant, Gooseberry)** Alternate stamens (in the gaps in between petals) Hypanthium-\> adnation of the first 3 whorls “floral cup” Monoecious Deciduous **FF: \*,5,5,5,2 Inferior ovary** **LA**: palmately lobed **Fruit**: berry
32
family and genus
**Family Onagraceae\* (fuchsia)** **Habit**: tropical mts **FF**: \*,4,4,8,4^ **Fr**: berries **Ovary**: inferior Ovary; Hypanthium fused to ovary wall
33
Family
**Oenothera (evening primose)** **FF: \*,4,4,8,4^** Four lobed stigma
34
**Chamerion angustifolium** **FF: \*,4,4,8,4^** Does Not have hypanthium tube Inferior ovary
35
Family & Genus
**(F)Onagraceae** **(G)Epilobium (willow herb)** **FF: \*,4,4,8,4^​** lobed/notched petals Feathery seeds
36
General features of Rosaceae:
General features of Rosaceae: Hypanthium Stipules serrate/ dentate leaf margins **FF: 5,5, many, \_\_\_** ovary # varies Ecological Fruit: what becomes fleshy for seed dispersers
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**Rosaceae CN: Rose (F)** **Habit**: herb → tree **Culinary**: apples, strawberries **Lvs**: simple → cmpd; stipulate (sometimes deciduous); gen serrate **FR**: lots of variation (aggregate or not) **FF: \*,5,5,∞,∞** **Hypanthium**: epigynous
39
Family & Genus
**Family: Rosaceae Fragaria (strawberry )**
40
**Family Rosaceae & (G) Rubus (Blackberries/ Raspberries**
41
**Family Rosaceae & (G)Prunus (Cherries, Almonds, Peach)**
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**Family Rosaceae & (G)“Maloids” (Apples)**
43
**(F) Asteraceae (G) Cirsium** **(Daisy Family)** **Capitulum type:** tube (disc) only = discoid head **Flower type:** **Involucre:** **Pappus present:** yes **Paleae present:** no, but receptacle w/ bristles **Key to group:** 4
44
**(F) Asteraceae (G) Achillea (Daisy Family) CN: Yaro** **Capitulum type**: ray & tube (disc) = radiate head **Flower type**: **Involucr**e: several series, graduated **Pappus presen**t: no **Paleae presen**t: yes, chaff **Key to group**:
45
cyp·se·la a dry single-seeded fruit formed from a double ovary of which only one develops into a seed, as in the daisy family.
46
(G) **Avena** (Oats) - Has hygroscopic awns to plant itself in the soil (responds to moisture) Parts: lemma, palea, awn, glume ,stolon , rhizome (G) **Cortaderia** (Pampas Grass) - Highly invasive All species are female (dioecious)
47
***_Family_* Cyperaceae “Sedge Family”** * *Gramminoid- grasslike monocot* **(G) Carex (Sedge)** - Unisexual - Triangular stems - Achenes - Perigynium in females - Modified perianth
48
**Family Cyperaceae “Sedge Family”** * Gramminoid- grasslike monocot **(G) Cyperus (Umbrella sedge/flat-sedge)** - Bisexual - Achenes - Triangular stems - No perianth - Flat laterally compressed spikelets w/ bisexual flrs - Terminal umbel like infl with spikelets on rays - Genwith radiating infl - bracts - Gen 2-3 stamen
49
**Family Juncaceae “Rush Family”** * Fruits dehiscent, with _\>_ 3 seeds[**[1]**](#_ftn1); * perianth parts scale-like, in two whorls of three * stem filled & showy round pithy * Fruit: capsules * \*,-3,3-,6,3 * 6 Tepals
50
**Family Poaceae “Gramineae Family” (Avena, Pampas Grass)** * stems round and hollow * Two bracts associated with each flower (lemma + palea); * leaves in 2 ranks, **Avena** * Has hygroscopic awns to plant itself in the soil (responds to moisture) * Parts: lemma, palea, awn, glume ,stolon , rhizome **Cortaderia** * Highly invasive * All species are female (dioecious)
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**Family Typhaceae (cat tails)** Plants are cat tails......................................................................................
52
**(F) Caryophyllaceae CN: pink family** * **Habit**: herbs w/ swollen nodes, · * **Lvs**: simple opposite, sessile * **FR**: capsule * **Fl**: has limb & claw, toothed or fringed tips, styles separate to the top of the ovary, middle of fl (corona
53
**Family Cornaceae (G) Cornus “Dogwood Family”** * **Habit**: Shrubs, trees gen. Deciduous * **Leaf Arch**: opposite (whorled) * Arcuate venation * **Flowers**: Large showy white bracts ***_(not petals)_*** * 2 Flower types * Small flowers in dense head infl. * Subtended by 4(6) showy bracts * Open inflorescence w/o bract * \*,4,4(0),4,1-4
54
**(F) Ericaceae** **(G) Arbutus Menziesii** * berry warty * red peely bark
55
**(F) Ericaceae** **(G) Arctostaphylus manzanita** * **Fruit**: leathry drupe, urnshaped
56
**(F) Ericacaeae** **(G) Gaultheria (salal)** **Fruit:** capsule w/ superior ovary urnshaped
57
**(F) Ericacaeae** **(G) Rhododendron (Rhodi)** corolla format, cup or bell shaped slightly zygomorphic
58
**(F) Ericacaeae** **(G) Vaccinium Parvifolium (red huckleberry)** * decidous
59
**(F) Ericacaeae** **(G) Vaccinium Ovatum (California huckleberry)** * evergreen
60
**“Geranium family**
**Common name: “Geranium family”** * **Habit**: ann/per herbs to subshrubs * Glandular hairs with aromatic geraniol * **Leaf Arrangement:** alternate or opposite, basal and cauline * **Lf Arch**.: pinnate or palmate, lobed, dissected, compound * **Fruit:** Schizocarp with 5 mericarps * mericarps-\> individual dispersal units of schizocarp
61
**(F) Geraniaceae** **(G) Erodium (Stroksbill)** * **LF. Arch:** pinnate * **Fl. Formula:** \*,5,5,5+5,5 * 5 stamen * 5 staminode * **Dehiscence**: Hydroscopic coiling mericarp to drill themselves into the soil (temp sensitive)
62
**(F) Geraniaceae** **(G) Geranium (Cranesbill)** * **LF**. Arch: palmate * **Fl.** Formula: \*,5,5,10,5 * 10 stamen * 0 staminode * **Dehiscence**: Ballistic seed dispersal
63
**(F) Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrel, Shamrock, Bermuda Buttercup)** **(G) Oxalis** * Herbs with distinctive, sour-tasting, clover-like compound leaves * Flowers actinomorphic, 5-parted, syncarpous, solitary or in umbel-like inflorescences * Can be confused with *Trifolium* when not in flower
64
**(F) Betulaceae** **(G) Alnus (alder)** * **Lvs**: cordate/ovate * **Catkins**: Persistent * **Bracts**: Woody bracts * **Nut:** winged * **Infl:** persistent
65
**(F) Betulaceae** **(G)Betula (Birch)** * monoecious shrub/tree * **Lv Shape:** triangular * **Catkins:** Ephermeral (papery) * **Bracts:** Papery bracts * **Fls:** catkins * **Nut:** winged * **Infl:** persistent
66
**(F) Betulaceae** **(G) Corylus (hazelnut)** **Lv shape:** ovate **Fruit**: nut
67
**Family Boraginaceae “Borage Family” SP. Phacelia** **Flower:** \*,5,5,5,2 * \*deeply four lobed ovary with gymnoblastic style **Habit:** Herbaceous to woody * -\>hispid vestiture (bristly/ sharp-hairy) * -\> cell wall gen with deposits of silica or CaCO3 **Infl.** Cymes -\>Scorpioid Cymes (coiled) **Fr:** schizocarp or capsule **Corona:** sometimes
68
**(F) Convolvulaceae (CN: Morning Glory)** * **Habit**: Herbaceous / vine * **Corolla**: funnel-shaped, (+/-) 5-lobed * **Fr**: gen capsule * **Flower:** \*,5,^5,5,^2 (2 ovaries per chamber)
69
**Fagaceae (F)**
**Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”** **Lvs:** margins entire, coarsely toothed, to deeply lobed; male flowers in catkins that are not exposed during winter months (protected by bud scales); fruits partially or completely enclosed by an involucre * Monoecious shrubs/trees * Deciduous or evergreen * Leaves pinnately lobed or entire (serrated) * Involucre
70
**Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”** **(G) Quercus chrysolepis (Live Oak)** **Lvs:** * Juv: sharp * Adult: entire * Simple **Involucre:** Smooth bracts **Catkins:** lax/pendent
71
**Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”** **(G) Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Tan Oak)** **Lvs**: Simple, entire, no lobes, broadly serrate, elongate **Involucre**: Recurred bracts (spiny) **Catkins**: erect/upright
72
**Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”** **(G) Quercus garryana (Oregon White Oak)** **Lvs**: Pinn lobbed (not sharp) **Involucre**: Smooth bracts **Catkins:** lax/pendent
73
**Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”** **(G) Quercus Kelloggii (California Oak)** **Lvs:** * Pinn lobbed (sharp) **Involucre**: Smooth bracts **Catkins**: lax/pendent
74
**Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”** **(G) Chrysolepis Chrysophylla (Chinquapin)** **Lvs:** * long entire * abaxial side ***_golden_*** **Involucre**: fully covers nut; spiny
75
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**(F) Juglandaceae (CN: walnut)**
77
**(F) Salicaceae (CN: willow family)** **(G) Salix (willow)** * Leaf blade broadly elliptical to linear, petiole round; * lateral buds covered by a single scale; * male catkins rigid, flowers insect-pollinated
78
**(F) Salicaceae (CN: willow family)** **(G) Populus (cottonwood)** * Leaf blade +/- triangular, petiole often flattened; * **Petiole**: flat * lateral buds covered with several bud scales; * male catkins lax, flowers wind-pollinated
79
**(F) Solanaceae (CN: nightshade)** **(G) Solanum** (potato, tomato, eggplant) such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees.
80
**(F) Urticaceae** **(G)Urtica (Stinging needle)** * stings with touch * Serrated leaf margins * Dioecious * Wind pollinated * Unisexual flowers
81
**Family Amaryllidaceae\* (Amaryllis Family)** **(G) Narcissus (daffodil)** * Spath-\>subtending bract to protect flower * Tepals!!! * Corona -\>extra petal tissue (not a real whorl) * X,-6,6-,3, inferior ovary * Solitary or umbul * Fruit: Capsule
82
**Family Araceae(Aroids)** **Lemna (Duckweed)**
83
**(F) Arecaceae (Palms)**
84
**Family Droseraceae** **(G) Drosera (sundew)**
85
**Family Droseraceae** **(G) Dionaea muscipula (venus flytraps)**
86
**(F) Ericaceae** **(G) Sarcodes (snow plant)**
87
**Family Liliaceae “Lily Family”** \*,3,3,6,3 Superior ovary 6 stamen capsule **Habit:** mostly herbaceous perennials * Specialized underground storage organ “geophytes” * Linear strap shaped leaves * Basal (no above ground stem) **Tepals** **Fruit:** Capsule or Berry **Infl**: raceme/ panicle
88
**Family Melanthiaceae** **“False-Hellebore Family” Sp. Trillium** * Three parted everything except stamen! * Superior ovary * No Tepals * Fleshy capsule
89
**Family Rhamnaceae “Buckthorn family” SP. Ceanothus** **Ceanothus (California Lilac)** **\*, 5,5,5,3** * Half inferior ovary * Triangular erect sepals * Petals spathulate shaped (spoon shaped) and spreading **Habit**: Shrub (woody throughout) * Chaparral -\>thick, leathery leaves and stiff branches **Fruit**: Capsule-\> circumscissile “pop-top capsule”
90
**(F) Sarraceniaceae** **(G) Darlingtonia californica (pitcher plant)** **Hemiparasite:** Green parasite, able to photosynthesize, derive water and dissolved inorganic substances (e.g., mineral nutrients) from the host and often are able to survive without it.
91
**Family Orobanchaceae** **Castilleja (paint brush)** **Holoparasite**: Non-green parasite, unable to photosynthesize obtain in addition energy-rich, organic compounds (products of photosynthesis) from the host and cannot survive without it.
92
**(F) Viscaceae** * host in conifers * lvs reduced scale-like * fr explosive * stems angled in cross-section **(G) Arceuthobium (dwarf mistletoe)** **Holoparasite:** Non-green parasite, unable to photosynthesize obtain in addition energy-rich, organic compounds (products of photosynthesis) from the host and cannot survive without it.
93
**(F) Viscaceae** **(G) Phoradendron (leafy mistletoe/x-mas mistletoe)** * stems round in x.x * scale like lvs * common on oaks **Hemiparasites** ("green parasites"): photosynthetic and capable of making at least some (often all) of their energy-rich compounds; get water, inorganic nutrients, and (sometimes) carbon compounds from host (including toxic compounds)
94
**(F) AIZOACEAE (Ice plant fam.)** **(Leaf succulents)** Flowers with numerous narrow petals and numerous stamens; carpels connate, ovary usually inferior; capsules or berries; most from deserts of South Africa
95
**(F)** **Anacardiaceae​ (Cashew family, mango family​)** **(G) Toxicodendron diversilobum**
96
**(F) Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)​ (Carrot, parsley, umbel family)** **(G)​** **Conium maculatum (CN: poison hemlock)** * **Vestiture**: glabrous * **Infl bracts**: reduced/absent * **Mericarp texture**: ridges(smooth) * **Stem Color**: purple spots/streaks
97
**(F) Cactaceae (Cactus family)** **(G) Crassulaceae (Stonecrop Family)** * **Habit: WH deserts (Western Hemi.)** * **Areole: (flat stem)** Flowers usually with 4 or 5 petals and twice as many stamens as petals; carpels separate; follicles; well represented in South Africa but cosmopolitan
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**(F) Euphorbiaceae** **(G) Euphorbia (Spruge Family)** * **Habit**: OW deserts (EH deserts) * **Cyathium presence** * **stem succulent in Africa** * **milky latex toxic** * **involucre bract appendages** Flowers very small, inconspicuous, unisexual, clustered in elaborate false-flowers (=inflorescences) called cyathia; spines, if present, not borne on areoles; milky latex;

BOT 350 (6 decks)

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