Practical 2 Flashcards
Tropaeolaceae; Tropaeolum ~90 sp: (Garden nasturtium)
Climbing herbs with orbicular,
Lvs: peltate leaves and twining petioles
Corolla: Brightly colored zygomorphic flowers:
FF: 5 sepals, 5 petals, 8 stamens, 3 connate carpels Prominent nectar spur extends from the upper-most sepal
Fruit: Fruit breaks into three single-seeded sections at maturity (schizocarp)
Other info: Foliage and flowers add a pleasant peppery accent to salads [related to the mustard family and deploying the same kind of secondary chemistry defense system]
Note: this is a genus of about 90 species, some of which have deeply palmately lobed leaves and rather different looking flowers – try “google imaging” examples of some of these.
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Vaccinium
Characteristics:
1’ Deciduous
3’ Entire lf; Calyx lobes
Ericaceae (Family)
Genus… (V.)
Species ()
Vaccinium Parvifolium
CN: Red Huckleberry
1’ Leaves deciduous (rarely evergreen in young plants of Vaccinium parvifolium), thin or ± thick, veins generally prominent abaxially; pedicel not jointed to flower; filaments glabrous
3’ Leaf serrate or minutely so (but see Vaccinium parvifolium); calyx lobes ± 0 or generally < tube, deciduous; twigs angled or not, green or not; flowers often 1 in axils of lowest leaves of youngest shoots
4’ Twigs strongly angled, green; fruit red to dark blue or purple
7’ Leaf margins flat, generally not ciliate; berry red, not glaucous; hypanthium scar to 1/2 width of berry.
- Plant erect shrub, 10–40 dm, generally not rhizomed; leaf entire to serrate or with only deciduous, sharp point at tip, abaxially (especially midvein) puberulent ….. V. parvifolium
Ericaceae (Family)
Genus… (V.)
Species ()
Vaccinium ovatum
CN: California Huckleberry/Black Huckleberry
- Leaves evergreen, leathery, veins not prominent abaxially; pedicel
jointed to flower; filaments ± hairy
2’ Plant 5–30 dm, branches stout; leaf 20–50 mm,
serrate ; corolla lobes < tube, erect to spreading when anthers open …..
V. ovatum
Alliaceae (Allium) “Onion Family” Sp. Allium (Onion)
Fruit: Bulb
Inflorescence: Umbel inflorescence; Scapose, Inflorescence bract, spathe
Corolla: Tepals
FF: 3,3,6,3
Similar to Lily!
Family Iridaceae “Iris Family” Sp. Iris
*,3,3,3,3
Inferior ovary
3 stamen capsule
Equitant leaves
Erect “banner-like” petals
Family ranunculaceae (Buttercup family) Ranunculus Genera
Habit: Ann/per herb (1 exception: clematis =woods) basal and cauline
Leaf arch: ternate (ternately lobed/compound)
Base of petiole flat->arranged in 3’s “clasps the stem”
Flower: apocarpous gynoecium
Many stamen
Hooked tips on pistils (fruits)
Fruit: achenes (many carpels) follicles (several carpels)
Leaf Arch: ternately lobed (dissected/compound)
Symmetry: Radial
Perianth: 5,5
Nectar dispenser: flap at base of each petal
(F) Ranunculaceae
(G) Delphinium (Genera) CN:larkspur
Leaf Arch: ternately (palmately) lobed
Symmetry: bilateral
Perianth: 5,4
Nectar dispenser: 2 nectar-secreting petals housed in a tubular sepal
FF: X, 5,4, many, 3
Sepals petal-like and showy UPPER 1st SEPAL IS SPURRED)
2 nectar secreting petals and 2 guard petal to protect sexual whorls
Aquilegia (Genus) CN: Columbine
Leaf Arch: ternately (palmately) lobed
Symmetry: Radial
Perianth: 5,5
Nectar dispenser: 5 tubular petals
All petals are spurred!!
Hummingbird dispersal
follicles!
Nymphaea (Family) CN: Water lilys
Long horizontal rhizome underground
Long leaf petiole
Large flowers with many parts
Attract beetles
Basal angiosperms
Genus
& CN
Penstemon(Beard’s tongue)
Habit: perennial herb, shrub
Leaf Arch: Simple leaves (lanceolate, elliptical)
Distal sessile
Generally opposite
Flower:
X,5,5,4+1,2
Capitate stigma
Fruit: Capsule
Family
CN
Family Plantaginaceae
Plantago (Plantains)
Habit: Scapose herbs
Leaf Arch: Simple, basal leaves w/ parallel venation
Infl/Flowers: reduced wind pollinated= Scarious
X,4,4,4,2
In dense spikes
Fruit: Capsule
FF: X,5^,3+2^,4,2
Habit: Annuals to shrubs (tree=Leak)
square/4 angled stems
Opposite leaves
Gen. pubescent/ gland dotted
Simple, gen. crenate/ dentate (serrate) margins
Flower:
Strongly zygomorphic
Bilabiate corolla
2 petals up
3 petals down
2 long 2 short stamen
Verticillaster-> Inflourescence of opposite cymes that occur in pairs creating a false whorl
Nototribic flowers-> pollen is deposited on the back of the visiting animal
Fruit: Gynobasic style w/ 4 lobed ovary
Schizocarp w/ 4 nutlets
Gynobasic-> style arising from the base of the ovary
Mimulus (Monkey flower)
Habit: annual to shrub
FF: X,5,5,2+2,2
Lf. Arch: simple, gen sessile, gen serrated
Occasionally glandular sticky/pubescent
Opposite
Flower:
Pleated calyx
Bilabiate
2 lobbed stigma sensitive to touch
Fruit: capsule
Habit: annual to shrub
FF: X,5,5,2+2,2
Inflorescence: raceme, bracted, fls 1-4 per node
Lf. Arch: entire, gen sessile, gen serrated
Occasionally glandular sticky/pubescent
Opposite
Flower:
- Pleated calyx
- Bilabiate
- 2 lobbed stigma sensitive to touch
Fruit: capsule
Erythranthe (mk fl)
Habit: annual or perennial herb, glabous herb
Lf: gen. Sessile, gen green or red
Inflorescence: raceme, bracted, or fls gen 2 per axil
Fr: capsule
Family Plantaginaceae “Plantain Family”
Plantago (Plantains)
FF: X,4,4,4,2
Habit: Scapose herbs
Leaf Arch: Simple, basal leaves w/ parallel venation
Infl/Flowers: reduced wind pollinated= Scarious
In dense spikes
Fruit: Capsule
(F) Plantaginaceae.
(G) Penstemon(Beard’s tongue)
Habit: perennial herb, shrub
Leaf Arch: Simple leaves (lanceolate, elliptical)
Distal sessile
Generally opposite
Flower: X,5,5,4+1,2
Capitate stigma
Fruit: Capsule
Family Aristolochiaceae “Pipevine Family” SP. Asarum
Asarum (Wild Ginger)
Habit: Herbaceous, perennial
Basal angiosperm
Fl:3-parted dark colored flowers; no petals, just sepals
Lvs: Cordate leaves
Rhizomatous
Ancient, not eudicot or monocot
Capsules in fr, protein packets for ants to help germinate
Family Malvaceae “cheese/Hibiscus f”
Habit: annual to trees
FF: *,3-5^,5,many,5-8
Leaf architecture: simple gen. Palmately lobed
Stellate vestiture
Flower:
Stamen are monadelphous and form a filament tube
Epipetalous
Fruit: Schizocarp w/ mericarps or Capsule
Vestiture: Stellate hairs
Family Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Family
SP. Eucalyptus
Non-native
FF: *,5,5,many,4,5
- Hypanthium
- Woody capsule
- Inferior ovary
- Epigynous
- Perianth, sepals & petals fused onto calyptra
- Sikle shape lf, like grim reaper
Family Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Family
Family Papaveraceae “Poppy family”
Habit: Annual- perennial (mostly herbs, but some woody)
Foliage with milky sap
FF: X|*,2 or 3, 2 or 6, many, 2 (6 in dicentra)
Lf Arch: simple to pinnately lobed/ dissected/compound (1-2x)
Sepals ephemeral deciduous
Glue (uzz/laytex), that comes out once cut at stem
Genus
(G) Papaver “Common Poppy ”
Corolla: Flower buds nodding; 2 fuzzy deciduous sepals fall off; Petals wrinkly and in 2 layers (2 petals per whorl)
Note the many stamens and many carpels
Fruit is a poricidal capsule (poricidal capsule dehiscence)
Sap gen. yellow or orange
Stigmatic disc
Gynoecium: No style
Eschscholzia californica “California Poppy ”
Highly pinnately dissected leaves (1-4x)
FF: +, 2, 4, many, 2
Fr: Capsule w/ valvate dehiscence
Calyptra of 2 fused sepals fall off to expose corolla
Many stamen
2 fused carpels with deeply lobed stigmas
Ovary Position: Superior Ovary
Receptacle funnel-shaped and with “rim”
Sap colorless or orange
Dicentra “Bleeding Hearts ”
Fl: 2 deciduous sepals; biradial (Zygo), heart shaped
FF: +,2,2+2, 3+3
Outer 2 petals pouched
Inner 2 petals fused at tips
6 stamen (fused on sits of 3)/ 2 sets of 3
Sap colorless
Lvs: Deeply dissected
Family
Polygonaceae (Family)
∞ small fls
Habit: ann-per herb (shrub)
Sometimes ocreae & swollen nodes (“knees”)
Sometimes; involcres
FR: achene gen 3-sided
Family & Genus
(F) Polygonaceae (G) Eriogonum (wild Buckwheat)
Common Name: wild buckwheat
Habit: perennial
Fl: *,-3,3-,9,_^ (Superior)
Corolla Format:
Ovary Position: Superior
Fruit: Achene
Involucre: set of bracts associated w/ clusters of fls (or frs); fused in Eriogonum
Inflorescence: bracts at nodes
Rumex (Family Polygonaceae) CN: dock
Habit: perennial
Fl: *,3,3,6,3_^ (Superior)
Corolla Format: tubercles form after flowering
Ovary Position: Superior
Fruit: achene, even tho fused carpels
Inflorescence: panicle-like
Ocrea: fused stipules, sheathing around stem;
Family Brassicaceae: Raphanus (Mustard Family)
Habit: Herbaceous, annual
Fruit: distinct crucifer style capsules
F.F: *,4,4,4+2,2 (and hat over 2)
*stamens are different sizes
Family and Genus
Family Grossulariaceae* (Gooseberry)
Ribes (Currant, Gooseberry)
Alternate stamens (in the gaps in between petals)
Hypanthium-> adnation of the first 3 whorls “floral cup”
Monoecious
Deciduous
FF: *,5,5,5,2 Inferior ovary
LA: palmately lobed
Fruit: berry
family and genus
Family Onagraceae* (fuchsia)
Habit: tropical mts
FF: *,4,4,8,4^
Fr: berries
Ovary: inferior Ovary; Hypanthium fused to ovary wall
Family
Oenothera (evening primose)
FF: *,4,4,8,4^
Four lobed stigma
Chamerion angustifolium
FF: *,4,4,8,4^
Does Not have hypanthium tube
Inferior ovary
Family & Genus
(F)Onagraceae (G)Epilobium (willow herb)
FF: *,4,4,8,4^
lobed/notched petals
Feathery seeds
General features of Rosaceae:
General features of Rosaceae:
Hypanthium
Stipules
serrate/ dentate leaf margins
FF: 5,5, many, ___
ovary # varies
Ecological Fruit: what becomes fleshy for seed dispersers
Rosaceae CN: Rose (F)
Habit: herb → tree
Culinary: apples, strawberries
Lvs: simple → cmpd; stipulate (sometimes deciduous); gen serrate
FR: lots of variation (aggregate or not)
FF: *,5,5,∞,∞
Hypanthium: epigynous
Family & Genus
Family: Rosaceae Fragaria (strawberry )
Family Rosaceae & (G) Rubus (Blackberries/ Raspberries
Family Rosaceae & (G)Prunus (Cherries, Almonds, Peach)
Family Rosaceae & (G)“Maloids” (Apples)
(F) Asteraceae (G) Cirsium (Daisy Family)
Capitulum type: tube (disc) only = discoid head
Flower type:
Involucre:
Pappus present: yes
Paleae present: no, but receptacle w/ bristles
Key to group: 4
(F) Asteraceae (G) Achillea (Daisy Family) CN: Yaro
Capitulum type: ray & tube (disc) = radiate head
Flower type:
Involucre: several series, graduated
Pappus present: no
Paleae present: yes, chaff
Key to group:
cyp·se·la
a dry single-seeded fruit formed from a double ovary of which only one develops into a seed, as in the daisy family.
(G) Avena (Oats)
- Has hygroscopic awns to plant itself in the soil (responds to moisture)
Parts: lemma, palea, awn, glume ,stolon , rhizome
(G) Cortaderia (Pampas Grass)
- Highly invasive
All species are female (dioecious)
Family Cyperaceae “Sedge Family”
- Gramminoid- grasslike monocot
(G) Carex (Sedge)
- Unisexual
- Triangular stems
- Achenes
- Perigynium in females
- Modified perianth
Family Cyperaceae “Sedge Family”
- Gramminoid- grasslike monocot
(G) Cyperus (Umbrella sedge/flat-sedge)
- Bisexual
- Achenes
- Triangular stems
- No perianth
- Flat laterally compressed spikelets w/ bisexual flrs
- Terminal umbel like infl with spikelets on rays
- Genwith radiating infl
- bracts
- Gen 2-3 stamen
Family Juncaceae “Rush Family”
- Fruits dehiscent, with > 3 seeds[1];
- perianth parts scale-like, in two whorls of three
- stem filled & showy round pithy
- Fruit: capsules
- *,-3,3-,6,3
- 6 Tepals
Family Poaceae “Gramineae Family” (Avena, Pampas Grass)
- stems round and hollow
- Two bracts associated with each flower (lemma + palea);
- leaves in 2 ranks,
Avena
- Has hygroscopic awns to plant itself in the soil (responds to moisture)
- Parts: lemma, palea, awn, glume ,stolon , rhizome
Cortaderia
- Highly invasive
- All species are female (dioecious)
Family Typhaceae (cat tails)
Plants are cat tails…………………………………………………………………………..
(F) Caryophyllaceae CN: pink family
- Habit: herbs w/ swollen nodes, ·
- Lvs: simple opposite, sessile
- FR: capsule
- Fl: has limb & claw, toothed or fringed tips, styles separate to the top of the ovary, middle of fl (corona
Family Cornaceae (G) Cornus “Dogwood Family”
- Habit: Shrubs, trees gen. Deciduous
- Leaf Arch: opposite (whorled)
- Arcuate venation
- Flowers: Large showy white bracts (not petals)
- 2 Flower types
- Small flowers in dense head infl.
- Subtended by 4(6) showy bracts
- Open inflorescence w/o bract
- *,4,4(0),4,1-4
(F) Ericaceae
(G) Arbutus Menziesii
- berry warty
- red peely bark
(F) Ericaceae
(G) Arctostaphylus manzanita
- Fruit: leathry drupe, urnshaped
(F) Ericacaeae
(G) Gaultheria (salal)
Fruit: capsule w/ superior ovary urnshaped
(F) Ericacaeae
(G) Rhododendron (Rhodi)
corolla format, cup or bell shaped slightly zygomorphic
(F) Ericacaeae
(G) Vaccinium Parvifolium (red huckleberry)
- decidous
(F) Ericacaeae
(G) Vaccinium Ovatum (California huckleberry)
- evergreen
(F) Geraniaceae
(G) Erodium (Stroksbill)
- LF. Arch: pinnate
- Fl. Formula: *,5,5,5+5,5
- 5 stamen
- 5 staminode
- Dehiscence: Hydroscopic coiling mericarp to drill themselves into the soil (temp sensitive)
(F) Geraniaceae
(G) Geranium (Cranesbill)
- LF. Arch: palmate
- Fl. Formula: *,5,5,10,5
- 10 stamen
- 0 staminode
- Dehiscence: Ballistic seed dispersal
(F) Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrel, Shamrock, Bermuda Buttercup)
(G) Oxalis
- Herbs with distinctive, sour-tasting, clover-like compound leaves
- Flowers actinomorphic, 5-parted, syncarpous, solitary or in umbel-like inflorescences
- Can be confused with Trifolium when not in flower
(F) Betulaceae
(G) Alnus (alder)
- Lvs: cordate/ovate
- Catkins: Persistent
- Bracts: Woody bracts
- Nut: winged
- Infl: persistent
(F) Betulaceae
(G)Betula (Birch)
- monoecious shrub/tree
- Lv Shape: triangular
- Catkins: Ephermeral (papery)
- Bracts: Papery bracts
- Fls: catkins
- Nut: winged
- Infl: persistent
(F) Betulaceae
(G) Corylus (hazelnut)
Lv shape: ovate
Fruit: nut
Family Boraginaceae “Borage Family” SP. Phacelia
Flower: *,5,5,5,2
- *deeply four lobed ovary with gymnoblastic style
Habit: Herbaceous to woody
- ->hispid vestiture (bristly/ sharp-hairy)
- -> cell wall gen with deposits of silica or CaCO3
Infl. Cymes ->Scorpioid Cymes (coiled)
Fr: schizocarp or capsule
Corona: sometimes
(F) Convolvulaceae (CN: Morning Glory)
- Habit: Herbaceous / vine
- Corolla: funnel-shaped, (+/-) 5-lobed
- Fr: gen capsule
- Flower: *,5,^5,5,^2 (2 ovaries per chamber)
Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”
(G) Quercus chrysolepis (Live Oak)
Lvs:
- Juv: sharp
- Adult: entire
- Simple
Involucre: Smooth bracts
Catkins: lax/pendent
Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”
(G) Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Tan Oak)
Lvs:
Simple, entire, no lobes, broadly serrate, elongate
Involucre: Recurred bracts (spiny)
Catkins: erect/upright
Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”
(G) Quercus garryana (Oregon White Oak)
Lvs:
Pinn lobbed (not sharp)
Involucre: Smooth bracts
Catkins: lax/pendent
Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”
(G) Quercus Kelloggii (California Oak)
Lvs:
- Pinn lobbed (sharp)
Involucre: Smooth bracts
Catkins: lax/pendent
Family Fagaceae “Oak Family”
(G) Chrysolepis Chrysophylla (Chinquapin)
Lvs:
- long entire
- abaxial side golden
Involucre: fully covers nut; spiny
(F) Juglandaceae (CN: walnut)
(F) Salicaceae (CN: willow family)
(G) Salix (willow)
- Leaf blade broadly elliptical to linear, petiole round;
- lateral buds covered by a single scale;
- male catkins rigid, flowers insect-pollinated
(F) Salicaceae (CN: willow family)
(G) Populus (cottonwood)
- Leaf blade +/- triangular, petiole often flattened;
- Petiole: flat
- lateral buds covered with several bud scales;
- male catkins lax, flowers wind-pollinated
(F) Solanaceae (CN: nightshade)
(G) Solanum (potato, tomato, eggplant)
such as annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees.
(F) Urticaceae
(G)Urtica (Stinging needle)
- stings with touch
- Serrated leaf margins
- Dioecious
- Wind pollinated
- Unisexual flowers
Family Amaryllidaceae* (Amaryllis Family)
(G) Narcissus (daffodil)
- Spath->subtending bract to protect flower
- Tepals!!!
- Corona ->extra petal tissue (not a real whorl)
- X,-6,6-,3, inferior ovary
- Solitary or umbul
- Fruit: Capsule
Family Araceae(Aroids)
Lemna (Duckweed)
(F) Arecaceae (Palms)
Family Droseraceae
(G) Drosera (sundew)
Family Droseraceae
(G) Dionaea muscipula (venus flytraps)
(F) Ericaceae
(G) Sarcodes (snow plant)
Family Liliaceae “Lily Family”
*,3,3,6,3
Superior ovary
6 stamen capsule
Habit: mostly herbaceous perennials
- Specialized underground storage organ “geophytes”
- Linear strap shaped leaves
- Basal (no above ground stem)
Tepals
Fruit: Capsule or Berry
Infl: raceme/ panicle
Family Melanthiaceae
“False-Hellebore Family” Sp. Trillium
- Three parted everything except stamen!
- Superior ovary
- No Tepals
- Fleshy capsule
Family Rhamnaceae “Buckthorn family” SP. Ceanothus
Ceanothus (California Lilac)
*, 5,5,5,3
- Half inferior ovary
- Triangular erect sepals
- Petals spathulate shaped (spoon shaped) and spreading
Habit: Shrub (woody throughout)
- Chaparral ->thick, leathery leaves and stiff branches
Fruit: Capsule-> circumscissile “pop-top capsule”
(F) Sarraceniaceae
(G) Darlingtonia californica (pitcher plant)
Hemiparasite: Green parasite, able to photosynthesize, derive water and dissolved inorganic substances (e.g., mineral nutrients) from the host and often are able to survive without it.
Family Orobanchaceae
Castilleja (paint brush)
Holoparasite: Non-green parasite, unable to photosynthesize obtain in addition energy-rich, organic compounds (products of photosynthesis) from the host and cannot survive without it.
(F) Viscaceae
- host in conifers
- lvs reduced scale-like
- fr explosive
- stems angled in cross-section
(G) Arceuthobium (dwarf mistletoe)
Holoparasite: Non-green parasite, unable to photosynthesize obtain in addition energy-rich, organic compounds (products of photosynthesis) from the host and cannot survive without it.
(F) Viscaceae
(G) Phoradendron (leafy mistletoe/x-mas mistletoe)
- stems round in x.x
- scale like lvs
- common on oaks
Hemiparasites
(“green parasites”): photosynthetic and capable of making at least some (often all) of their energy-rich compounds; get water, inorganic nutrients, and (sometimes) carbon compounds from host (including toxic compounds)
(F) AIZOACEAE (Ice plant fam.)
(Leaf succulents)
Flowers with numerous narrow petals and numerous stamens; carpels connate, ovary usually inferior; capsules or berries; most from deserts of South Africa
(F) Anacardiaceae (Cashew family, mango family)
(G) Toxicodendron diversilobum
(F) Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) (Carrot, parsley, umbel family)
(G) Conium maculatum (CN: poison hemlock)
- Vestiture: glabrous
- Infl bracts: reduced/absent
- Mericarp texture: ridges(smooth)
- Stem Color: purple spots/streaks
(F) Cactaceae (Cactus family)
(G) Crassulaceae (Stonecrop Family)
- Habit: WH deserts (Western Hemi.)
- Areole: (flat stem)
Flowers usually with 4 or 5 petals and twice as many stamens as petals; carpels separate; follicles; well represented in South Africa but cosmopolitan
(F) Euphorbiaceae
(G) Euphorbia (Spruge Family)
- Habit: OW deserts (EH deserts)
- Cyathium presence
- stem succulent in Africa
- milky latex toxic
- involucre bract appendages
Flowers very small, inconspicuous, unisexual, clustered in elaborate false-flowers (=inflorescences) called cyathia; spines, if present, not borne on areoles; milky latex;
