Duration (V.C) Flashcards
1
Q
Duration Type:
Annual
A
plants that live, reproduce, and die in one growing season.
2
Q
Duration Type:
Perennial
A
The term “perennial” refers to herbaceous (“green”) plants since woody plants, such as trees, are perennial by definition.
Can be Herbaceous or Woody
3
Q
Duration Type:
Biennial
A
plants that need two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, normally completing vegetative growth the first year and flowering the second year.
4
Q
Leaf Parts:
Blade (lamina)
A
the flat part of a leaf; the blade, which is the widest part of the leaf
5
Q
Leaf Parts:
Midrib
A
Most leaves have a midrib, which travels the length of the leaf and branches to each side to produce veins of vascular tissue.
6
Q
Leaf Parts:
Rachis
A
the main axis of a compound structure. It can be the main stem of a compound leaf, such as in Acacia or ferns, or the main, flower-bearing portion of an inflorescence above a supporting peduncle.
7
Q
Leaf Parts:
Margin
A
The leaf margin is the boundary area extending along the edge of the leaf.
main part of the leaf, usually large and flat
8
Q
Leaf Part:
Petiole
A
The petiole is the stalk that supports a leaf in a plant and attaches it to the stem.
9
Q
Leaf Parts:
Sessile
A
sessile refers to leaves that are directly attached to the plant’s base. These leaves do not depend on any stalks and are borne directly from the plant’s stem since they do not have a petiole.
10
Q
Leaf Parts:
Petiolate
A
having a stalk or petiole.
11
Q
Leaf Parts:
Stipules
A
a small leaflike paired appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk.
12
Q
Leaf Parts:
Stipulate
A
(Adj.) Furnished with stipules; as, a stipulate leaf.
13
Q
Leaf Parts:
Leaf axil
A
the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf, branch, or petiole.
14
Q
Leaf Parts:
Leaflet
A
each of the leaflike structures that together make up a compound leaf
15
Q
Habit:
Acaulescent
A
adj (of plants) having no apparent stem above ground, no visible stem
ex. (succulents)
16
Q
Habit:
Caulescent
A
having a well-developed stem above ground.
17
Q
Habit:
Herbaceous
A
lacking wood; having the characters of a herb
18
Q
Habit:
Woody
A
having a hard thickened, vascular tissue (xylem) thats develops in trees, shrubs, and vines
19
Q
Habit:
Scapose
A
pertaining to a plant or an inflorescence having a realtively long peduncle that arises from ground level, often a rossete, somtimes bearing bracts but w/o lvs
20
Q
Habit:
Succulent
A
plants that have some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word “succulent” comes from the Latin word sucus, meaningjuice, or sap.
21
Q
Root Systems:
Fibrous
A
having a fibrous root system composed of many roots similar in length and thickness, as in grasses (opposite of taproot).
22
Q
Root Systems:
Tap Roots
A
Tapered root that generally grows staright down into soil and has smaller, later branches.
23
Q
Root Systems:
Adventitous Root
A
Arising at unusal times or places,arise from an organ other than the root-usually stem, or leaf. Said of plant structures such as roots on aerial stems
24
Q
Shoot Modifications:
Rhizome
A
Underground, often elongate, more or less horizontal stem. Distinguished from root by presebce of leaves, leaf scars, scales, buds, etc.
25
Shoot Modifications:
**Stolon**
Runner; a normally thin, elongate stem lying more or less flat on the ground and forming roots as well as stems or shoots at generally widely spaced nodes.
26
Shoot Modifications:
**Tuber**
a short, fleshy, thick, underground stem for storage ( of water, food, or both) and sometimes propogation (potato)
27
Shoot Modifications:
**Bulb**
a short underground stem and the fleshy leaves or leaf bases attached to and surrounding it - (onion)
28
Shoot Modifications:
**Corm**
short, thick, unbranched, underground stem often surrounded by dry leaves or leaf bases.
29
Sharp Armaments:
**Thorn (Mfd Ltl Sht)**
Sharp-pointed branch, stem/shoot.
30
Sharp Armaments:
**Spine**
Sharp-pointed projection, derived from leaf or other , such as ovary wall (ex. *Cirsium arvense*)
31
Sharp Armaments:
**Prickle**
Superficial, Sharp-pointed, derived from epidermis, bark,etc
32
Leaf Venation:
**Pinnate**
Feather like, with two row structures on opposite sides of an axis.
33
Leaf Venation:
**Palmate**
Radiating from a common point
34
Leaf Venation:
**Parallel**
Parallel venation means the veins present with in the leaves are arranged parallel to each other. ... No branching is seen in parallel venation.
35
Leaf Arrangement:
**Alternate**
A single leaf is attached at a node.
36
Leaf Arrangement:
**Opposite**
A pair (2) of leaves is attached at a node
37
Leaf Arrangement:
**Whorled**
Whorled: Three or more leaves are attached at a node.
38
Leaf Architecture:
**Simple**
consisting of a single lamina.
39
Leaf Architecture:
**Palmately Compound**
a leaf with separate subunits (leaflets)
attached at the apex of a petiole.
40
Leaf Architecture:
**Trifoliate**
a compound leaf with three leaflets
41
Leaf Architecture:
**Lobed**
leaves the blade shape is determined from an ellipse drawn around the apices of the lobes, LOBES are marginal indentations that reach 1/4 or more of the distance to the midvein, measured
parallel to the axis of symmetry of the lobe
42
Leaf Architecture:
**Pinnately Compound**
a leaf with leaflets arranged along a rachis.
43
Leaf Architecture:
**Twice-Pinnately Compund**
compound leaf dissected twice with leaflets arranged along rachillae that are attached to the rachis
44
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Linear**
many times longer than broad, approximately parallel sides
45
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Ovate**
egg-shaped, widest below the middle
46
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Obovate**
## Footnote
reverse of ovate
47
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Lanceolate**
lance-shaped; widest about 1/3 from the base, tapering to apex
48
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Oblanceolate**
reverse of lanceolate (switch the base and apex when you add ob-)
49
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Cordate**
Heart-shaped. The leaf is attached to the petiole at the notched end.
50
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Deltoid**
triangular, delta-shaped
51
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Elliptical**
like an ellipse, widest at the center
52
Overall Blade Shapes:
**Oblong**
longer than broad with parallel sides
53
Leaf Margin:
**Entire**
The margin is even and smooth around the entire leaf edge.
54
Leaf Margin:
**Serrate**
The margin has a series of toothlike pointed teeth around the entire leaf edge.
55
Leaf Margin:
**Dentate**
Margins with continuous, generally outward-pointing teeth.
56
Leaf Margin:
**Crenate**
Margins with continuous, rounded, and generally outward-pointing teeth; dentate with conspicuously rounded teeth
57
Apex of Blade:
**Acute**
Ending in a sharp, but not prolonged point
58
Apex of Blade:
**Obtuse**
Rounded or blunt
59
Apex of Blade:
**Acuminate**
Long-pointed, prolonged into a narrow, tapering point in a concave manner
60
Base of Blade:
**Acute**
## Footnote
Coming to a sharp, but not prolonged point.
61
Base of Blade:
**Cordate**
Heart-shaped with the notch towards the stalk.
62
Base of Blade:
**Obtuse**
obtuse shaped leaf
63
Base of Blade:
**Truncate**
## Footnote
Ending abruptly with a flat end, that looks cut off.
64
Vestiture:
**Glabrous**
Without hairs of any kind
65
Vestiture:
**Pubescent**
With a hairy surface--there are many kinds of hairiness:
66
Vestiture:
**Puberulent**
Puberulent, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down.
67
Vestiture:
**Tomentose**
Covered with dense, interwoven trichomes (hairs)
68
Vestiture:
**Glaucous**
Covered with a bloom or smooth, waxy coating
69
Vestiture:
**Simple Hair**
A
70
Vestiture:
**Branched Hair**
B
71
Vestiture:
**Glandular Hair**
**D** (covered with minute bumps) that consists of a stalk that supports the secretory head. The stalk may be short – as shown here – or longer, and the head may be just a single cell or a group of several cells
72
Vestiture:
**Trichome**
Any epidermal outgrowth of a plant, A common type of trichome is a hair. Plant hairs may be unicellular or multicellular, branched or unbranched
73
## Footnote
**Bract**
small, modified leaf- or scale-like structure associated with an inflorescence or cone. especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, Generally subtends a branch, peduncle, pedicel, flower, or cone scale.
74
## Footnote
**Tendril**
A slender, coiling structure (generally stem, stipule, or leaf tip) by which climbing a plant becomes attached to its support (green beans)
75
## Footnote
**Shoot**
A stem and its appendages collectively. Sometimes used for all aboveground parts of a plant.
76
## Footnote
**Node**
Position on an axis (generally a stem) from which one or more structures (esp leaves) arise
77
## Footnote
**Internode**
Stem segment btwn lvs; segment of an axis btwn two successive points for appendages
78
## Footnote
**Evergreen**
relating to or denoting a plant that retains green leaves throughout the year.
79
Deciduous
(of a tree or shrub) shedding its leaves annually. or being broadleaved
80
## Footnote
**Basal Leaves**
A basal leaf is one that grows from the lowest part of the stem. Basal, in general, refers to the base of a structure.
81
## Footnote
**Cauline Leaves**
borne on a stem; not basal. Said especially of lvs borne along an above ground stem
82
## Footnote
**Adaxial**
facing toward the stem of a plant (in particular denoting the upper surface of a leaf).
83
Flower Parts:
**Sepals**
(Calyx) Individual member of the calyx, whether fused or not, generally green
84
Flower Parts:
**Petals**
individual member of the corolla, whether fused or not; often conspicuously colored (Corolla)
85
Flower Parts:
**Stamens**
(Androecium) Male reproductive structure of a flwr, typically composed of a stalk-like filament and a terminal, pollen-producing anther. Filaments sometimes partly fuse to the corolla, or to other filaments to form a tube
86
Flower Parts:
**Carpels**
The basic female structure of flowering plants, in concept derived from a leaf; an evolutionary term rarely used for Identification
87
Flower Parts:
**Calyx**
Collective term for sepals
88
Flower Parts:
**Corolla**
collective term for petals
89
Flower Parts:
**Perianth**
Caylx and Corolla Collectively. the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx
90
Flower Parts:
**Androecium**
the collective of stamens
91
Flower Parts:
**Gynoecium**
the female part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels.
92
Flower Parts:
**Pistil**
Female reproductive structure of a flwr, composed of an ovule-containing ovary at base. one or more pollen-recieving stigmas at the tip, and generally one more styles btwn ovary and stigma. A flower may have one or more simple pistils or one compund pistil
93
Loss of Whorls:
**Complete**
**C,** Flower contains all whorls (A, B, C)
94
Loss of Whorls:
**Incomplete**
Flower missing 1 or more whorl
(bottom)
95
Loss of Whorls:
**Apetalous**
No petals present (D,E)
96
Loss of Whorls:
**Perfect flower** (bisexual)
with both male and female reproductive parts
97
Loss of Whorls:
**Imperfect (unisexual)**
a flower that is lacking either stamen or pistil
98
Loss of Whorls:
**Staminate**
having fertile stamen but sterile or missing pistils. Said of flowers, inflorescences, or plants.
99
Loss of Whorls:
**Pistillate**
Having fertile pistils, but sterile or missing stamens.
100
Loss of Whorls:
**Monoecious**
(of a plant or invertebrate animal) having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite
101
Loss of Whorls:
**Dioecious**
male and female plants seperate.
102
Symmetry:
**Actinomorphic (radial)**
characterized by radial symmetry, such as a starfish or the flower of a daisy.
103
Symmetry:
**Zygomorphic (Bilateral)**
(of a flower) having only one plane of symmetry, as in a pea or snapdragon; bilaterally symmetrical.
104
Fusions:
**Connation (connate)**
when like parts are fused or united
105
Fusions:
**Adanation**
the union of unlike parts; organically united or fused with another dissimilar part
106
Fusions:
**Synsepalous**
All the sepals of a flower are fused into a cup or tube, the fused portion is the calyx tube and any non fused tips are the calyx lobes.
107
Fusions:
**Synpetalous**
All the petals of a flower are fused into a cup, tube, or other shape.
108
Fusions:
**Apocarpous**
(of a flower, fruit, or ovary) having distinct carpels that are not joined together.
109
Fusions:
**Syncarpous**
(of a flower, fruit, or ovary) having the carpels united.
110
Fusions:
**Epipetalous**
Stamens that are partly fused to the petals and therefore appear to arise from them
111
Fusion:
**Separate Parts**
112
Androecium:
**Stamen**
The male reproductive organs of a flower considered as a group; the stamens.
113
Androecium:
**Filament**
the long stalk of the stamen, and the top is usually the anther
114
Androecium
**Anther**
the oval-shaped, pollen-producing structure on the top of stamen.
115
Androecium:
**Staminode**
an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen. frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.
116
Gynoecium:
**Carpel**
The carpels are female reproductive structures that produce egg cells and protect a developing babyplant, or embryo. The three main parts of a carpel are the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is where pollination occurs
117
Gynoecium:
**Style**
structure found within the flower. It is a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary. The stigma is at the top of thestyle
118
Gynoecium:
**Stigma**
The stigma is part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil. The stigma is on top of the style. The stigma can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen.
119
Gynoecium:
**Ovary**
the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals.
In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium.
120
Gynoecium:
**Placenta**
the surface of the carpel (highly modified leaf) to which the ovules (potential seeds) are attached.
121
Gynoecium:
**Locule (chamber)**
to a chamber within an ovary (gynoecium or carpel) of the flower and fruits. ... The number of loculespresent in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels.
122
Gynoecium:
**Ovule**
located inside the portion of the flower called the gynoecium. The ovary of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the fruit wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary
123
Gynoecium:
**Septum**
A partition that separates the locules of a fruit, anther, or sporangium
124
Gynoecium:
**Pistil**
Pistil, the female reproductive part of a flower. The pistil, centrally located, typically consists of a swollen base
125
Ovary Postition:
**Superior Ovary**
(Hypogynous) is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries, drupes, etc.
126
Ovary Postition:
**Hypogynous**
having the stamens and other floral parts situated below the carpels
127
Ovary Postition:
**Inferior Ovary**
lies below the attachment of other floral parts. (epigynous)
ex. orchids
128
Ovary Postition:
**Epigynous**
Inferior Ovary, lies below the attachment of other floral parts.
129
Fruit Parts:
**Paricarp**
the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary
130
Fruit Parts:
**Suture**
a seam formed when two parts unite. a line of dehiscence along which a fruit, as a pod or capsule, splits.
131
Fruit Parts:
**Valve**
The valves are a part of the pericarp (fruit wall) that has split away, without enclosing the seed or seeds
132
Fruit Parts:
**Dehiscent**
Dry Fruits can be divided into those in which the seeds are contained in a seedpod of some sort which opens to release the seeds
133
Fruit Parts:
**Indehiscent**
Indehiscent fruits do not burst or split open at maturity, the seeds are liberated only by the decaying or by accidental destruction of the pericarp
134
Fruit Types:
**Achene**
small, thin-walled one-seeded dry indehiscent fruit., seed separate from ovary wall
135
Fruit Types:
Samara
A one- or two-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in which part of the fruit wall grows out into a wing.
136
Fruit Types:
**Nut**
A dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit similar to an achene but with the wall greatly thickened and hardened. (beech, chestnut, oak, hazel; walnut and hickory - note: because of extrafloral bracts, or "husk", the latter two fruits are sometimes called "drupes").
137
Fruit Types:
**Capsule**
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels.
138
Fruit Types:
**Follicle**
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from 1 carpel and at maturity splitting along only one suture.
139
Fruit Types:
**Drupe**
one-seeded simple fruit developed from a superior ovary in which the innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony, the outermost part (exocarp) becomes a relatively thin skin, and the middle portion between the skin and the stone (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or fibrous. (cherry, coconut, walnut and hickory).
140
Fruit Types:
**Berry**
A simple fruit in which the ovary wall or at least its inner portions become enlarged and usually juicy. (grape, banana, gooseberry).
141
Fruit Clusters:
**Multiple**
A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils often with accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers. (mulberry, fig)
142
Fruit Clusters:
**Aggregate**
A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils from the same flower. The individual units may be berries or other specific types. (raspberry, strawberry).
143
Fruit Clusters:
**Achenetum**
**#7**"Fruit Aggregates" An aggregation of achenes
144
Fruit Clusters:
**Follicetum**
**#5**, "Fruit Aggregates" An aggregation of follicles.
145
Fruit Clusters:
**Drupetum**
**#2**"Fruit Aggregates" An aggregation of drupes.
146
Inflorescence Parts:
**Pedicel**
The stalk of a flower in inflorescence.
147
Inflorescence Parts:
**Peduncle**
The stalk of inflorescence or a single flower.
148
Inflorescence Parts:
**Rachis**
The axis of a compound inflorescence.
149
Inflorescence Parts:
**Bract**
Small single leaf like items.
150
Inflorescence Types:
Spike
"Inflorescence Type" When sessile flowers in an inflorescence open from bottom to top.
151
Inflorescence Types:
**Raceme**
"Inflorescence Type" A non branced inflorescence with pedicels that open bottom to top.
152
Inflorescence Types:
**Panicle**
"Inflorescence Type" A branched inflorescence with basal flowers opening first.
153
Inflorescence Types:
**Corymb**
"Inflorescence Type" A flat topped flower cluster where pedicels grow to the same height.
154
Inflorescence Types:
**Simple Umbel**
"Inflorescence Type" A non divided branched inflorescence with pedicels that radiate from a common point.
155
Inflorescence Types:
**Compound Umbel**
"Inflorescence Type" A branched inflorescence that radiate from a common with more branches radiating from a common point.
156
Inflorescence Types:
**Head**
Inflorescence Type" A dense often spherical inflorescence of sessile or subsessile flowers.
157
Inflorescence Types:
**Cyme**
"Inflorescence Type" A branched inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flower opens first.
