Terms - Respiratory system

Question 1

external respiration

Answer 1

is the entry of air into the lungs and the subsequent gas exchange between alveoli and blood

Question 2

internal respiration

Answer 2

is gas exchange between blood cells and intracellular respiration processes

Question 3

Cnidaria respiration process

Answer 3

• Protozoa and hydra
• Direct with the environment: have large surface areas and every cell is either exposed to the environment or close to it

Question 4

annelids respiration process

Answer 4

• the mucus secreted by earthworms provides a moist surface for gaseous exchange via diffusion
• the circulatory system brings oxygen to cells, and waste products back to skin for excretion

Question 5

spiders respiration process

Answer 5

have book lungs that stacks of flattened membranes enclosed in internal chambers

Question 6

grasshoppers respiration process

Answer 6

series of chitin-lined respiratory tubules called trachea that open to the surface via opening called spiracles, through which oxygen enter and carbon dioxide exits

Question 7

Fish respiration process

Answer 7

when water enters the mouth, it passes over the gills, which are evaginated structures that create a large surface area and take in oxygen and deposit carbon dioxide. Gills can be external/unprotected or internal/protected, and water via operculum (gill cover)

Question 8

countercurrent exchange

Answer 8

which is the exchange between opposing movement of water and underlying blood that maximizes diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into the water

Question 9

Plant respiration

Answer 9

• aerobic respiration
• Glucose –> 2 ATP + 2 Pyruvic acid

Question 10

how many lobes does the Left and Right side of the lungs have?

Answer 10

Left: is smaller and has 2
Right: Bigger and have 3 Lobes

Question 11

Visceral pleura

Answer 11

lines the surface of the lungs

Question 12

Parietal pleura

Answer 12

lines the inside of the chest cavity

Question 13

Intrapleural space

Answer 13

• have negative (Lower) pressure relative to the atmosphere. if stabbed and air rushes in then the lung will collapse
• space between the parietal and Visceral
• pressure increases, the volume decreases

Question 14

Alveoli

Answer 14

• Each bronchiole branch ends in these small sacs, which surrounded by blood-carrying capillaries
• where gas exchange between the circulatory system and lungs occur
• coated with surfactant, a liquid covering that reduces the surface tension, preventing H20 from collapsing the alveoli
• Two types of epithelial cells: type 1 (structural support) and type 2 (produce surfactant)

Question 15

Nose

Answer 15

filters, moistens, and warms incoming air. The mucus secreted by goblet cells traps large dust particles here

Question 16

Pharynx

Answer 16

throat, passageway fro food and air; dust and mucus are swept back here by cilia for disposal via spitting or swallowing

Question 17

Larynx

Answer 17

voice box; if any non-gas enters the cough reflex activates

Question 18

Trachea

Answer 18

epiglottis coves the trachea during swallowing; contains C-shape ringed cartilage covered by cilia and mucus cells

Question 19

Bronchi/bronchioles

Answer 19

two bronchi, which enter the lungs and branch into narrower bronchioles

Question 20

Mnemonic - “CADET, face
right!” - Bohr effect

Answer 20

CO2
Acid (low pH)
2,3-DPG (high)
Exercise
Temp (high)
which will shift the curve to the right

• Opposite is shift to the left

Question 21

Haldane effect

Answer 21

relates how
[O2] is affecting hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2
and H+, which work in synchrony to facilitate
the liberation of O2 and uptake of CO2 and H+

Question 22

Central Chemoreceptors

Answer 22

indirectly
monitor [H+] in the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 23

located in
carotid arteries and aorta and function to
monitor the blood concentrations of CO2,
O2, and pH via H+

Question 24

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelial cells

Answer 24

found in trachea and upper respiratory system; may contain goblet cells for mucus production

Question 25

Emphysema

Answer 25

a pathology marked by destruction of the alveoli

Question 26

Effects of smoking

Answer 26

smoking can damage the cilia of respiratory cells and allow toxins to remain in the lungs
-mucus produced by goblet cells will increase, and lungs have decreased means of moving mucous out, leading to a persistent yet unproductive cough
- can lead to bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer

Question 27

hemoglobin

Answer 27

structure has 4 polypeptide subunits, which each subunit hosting a heme cofactor (an organic molecule with an iron atom in the center

Question 28

respiratory acidosis

Answer 28

results from inadequate ventilation; we don’t clear enough CO2 and it builds up, so more H+ is formed, lowering the pH

Question 29

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 29

results from breathing too rapidly (hyperventilation) we are losing CO2 too quickly, so H+ and HCO3- start combining to form more CO2 and the pH begins to rise

Question 30

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 30

the volume of air that is normally inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath

Question 31

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 31

the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Question 32

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 32

the maximum volume of air that van be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Question 33

residual volume

Answer 33

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation; air that cannot be exhaled

Question 34

Vital capacity

Answer 34

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration; expressed as IRV + VT + ERV

Question 35

inspiratory capacity

Answer 35

the volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation; expressed as VT + IRV

Question 36

Functional residual capacity

Answer 36

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation; expressed as ERV. + RV

Question 37

Total lung capacity

Answer 37

the maximum amount of air that the lung can accommodate; expressed as IC + FRC