Terms - Respiratory system Flashcards
external respiration
is the entry of air into the lungs and the subsequent gas exchange between alveoli and blood
internal respiration
is gas exchange between blood cells and intracellular respiration processes
Cnidaria respiration process
- Protozoa and hydra
- Direct with the environment: have large surface areas and every cell is either exposed to the environment or close to it
annelids respiration process
- the mucus secreted by earthworms provides a moist surface for gaseous exchange via diffusion
- the circulatory system brings oxygen to cells, and waste products back to skin for excretion
spiders respiration process
have book lungs that stacks of flattened membranes enclosed in internal chambers
grasshoppers respiration process
series of chitin-lined respiratory tubules called trachea that open to the surface via opening called spiracles, through which oxygen enter and carbon dioxide exits
Fish respiration process
when water enters the mouth, it passes over the gills, which are evaginated structures that create a large surface area and take in oxygen and deposit carbon dioxide. Gills can be external/unprotected or internal/protected, and water via operculum (gill cover)
countercurrent exchange
which is the exchange between opposing movement of water and underlying blood that maximizes diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide into the water
Plant respiration
- aerobic respiration
- Glucose –> 2 ATP + 2 Pyruvic acid
how many lobes does the Left and Right side of the lungs have?
Left: is smaller and has 2
Right: Bigger and have 3 Lobes
Visceral pleura
lines the surface of the lungs
Parietal pleura
lines the inside of the chest cavity
Intrapleural space
- have negative (Lower) pressure relative to the atmosphere. if stabbed and air rushes in then the lung will collapse
- space between the parietal and Visceral
- pressure increases, the volume decreases
Alveoli
- Each bronchiole branch ends in these small sacs, which surrounded by blood-carrying capillaries
- where gas exchange between the circulatory system and lungs occur
- coated with surfactant, a liquid covering that reduces the surface tension, preventing H20 from collapsing the alveoli
- Two types of epithelial cells: type 1 (structural support) and type 2 (produce surfactant)
Nose
filters, moistens, and warms incoming air. The mucus secreted by goblet cells traps large dust particles here
Pharynx
throat, passageway fro food and air; dust and mucus are swept back here by cilia for disposal via spitting or swallowing
Larynx
voice box; if any non-gas enters the cough reflex activates
Trachea
epiglottis coves the trachea during swallowing; contains C-shape ringed cartilage covered by cilia and mucus cells
Bronchi/bronchioles
two bronchi, which enter the lungs and branch into narrower bronchioles
Mnemonic - “CADET, face
right!” - Bohr effect
CO2
Acid (low pH)
2,3-DPG (high)
Exercise
Temp (high)
which will shift the curve to the right
- Opposite is shift to the left
Haldane effect
relates how
[O2] is affecting hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2
and H+, which work in synchrony to facilitate
the liberation of O2 and uptake of CO2 and H+
Central Chemoreceptors
indirectly
monitor [H+] in the cerebrospinal fluid
Peripheral chemoreceptors
located in
carotid arteries and aorta and function to
monitor the blood concentrations of CO2,
O2, and pH via H+
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelial cells
found in trachea and upper respiratory system; may contain goblet cells for mucus production
Emphysema
a pathology marked by destruction of the alveoli
Effects of smoking
smoking can damage the cilia of respiratory cells and allow toxins to remain in the lungs
-mucus produced by goblet cells will increase, and lungs have decreased means of moving mucous out, leading to a persistent yet unproductive cough
- can lead to bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer
hemoglobin
structure has 4 polypeptide subunits, which each subunit hosting a heme cofactor (an organic molecule with an iron atom in the center
respiratory acidosis
results from inadequate ventilation; we don’t clear enough CO2 and it builds up, so more H+ is formed, lowering the pH
Respiratory alkalosis
results from breathing too rapidly (hyperventilation) we are losing CO2 too quickly, so H+ and HCO3- start combining to form more CO2 and the pH begins to rise
Tidal Volume (Vt)
the volume of air that is normally inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath
inspiratory reserve volume
the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
the maximum volume of air that van be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
residual volume
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation; air that cannot be exhaled
Vital capacity
the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration; expressed as IRV + VT + ERV
inspiratory capacity
the volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation; expressed as VT + IRV
Functional residual capacity
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation; expressed as ERV. + RV
Total lung capacity
the maximum amount of air that the lung can accommodate; expressed as IC + FRC
