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DAT > Terms - Embryology (developmental) > Flashcards

Terms - Embryology (developmental) Flashcards

1
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid cell division with out cell grow
- a parent cell to 2 daughter cell

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2
Q

Blastomeres

A

resulting cells that from from cleavage from a fertilized ovum

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3
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

is the indentation on the surface of the cell
- pinches into the two daughter cells

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4
Q

Holoblastic

A

Completely separates the cell into two equal blastomeres

  • an exception is frogs which undergo holoblastic
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5
Q

Meroblastic

A

when the cell goes under partial unequal cleavage that results in different size blastomeres
- the cleavage furrow doesn’t go all the way through the entire egg

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6
Q

Placental mammals

A

review all our nutrients through the mom
- wil undergo holoblastic cleavage

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7
Q

Yolk mammals

A

Birds, reptiles and fish rely on the yolk to receive there nutrients
- undergo mesoblastic cleavage

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8
Q

determinant Cleavage

A
  • they know what they will become
  • “it going to become part of the G.I. Tract”
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9
Q

Indetermination cleavage

A

indecisive and don’t know what genes they will express or suppress

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10
Q

Determination

A

it has decided what its going to become in the future
- genes is going to express and what genes is going to suppress
- happens before differentiation
- ex: your gonna become a dentist in the future determined

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11
Q

Differentiation

A

is when we can look underneath a microscope and see a physical change or distinction due to the cell expressing those specific genes that it decided upon

  • we know see that you are a dentist and already there
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12
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A
  • no pattern of alignment and is in random
  • will look disorganized in its appearance
  • Blastomeres will be larger and smaller then one another: Macromeres and micrometers
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13
Q

Radial Cleavage

A
  • is when the cleavage furrow will either be parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis
  • Organized and well structured
  • Blastomeres will be the same size and on top of each other
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14
Q

Animal Pole

A
  • the egg little yolk
  • is very active in cleaving
  • embryo grows
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15
Q

Vegetal pole

A

the egg has more yolk on the bottom, and is very slow at dividing

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16
Q

Polar axis

A

Line of symmetry, down the middle of the egg, which divides the egg from the top and bottom

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17
Q

protosomes

A

will undergo:
- Determinant
- Spiral
- Blastopore becomes the mouth first

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18
Q

Deuterostome

A
  • like humans
  • will undergo: indeterminant and radial
  • Blastopores become the anus first
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19
Q

morula

A

is a solid ball of cells that is around 16 to 32 in number of blasphemers

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20
Q

Blastulation

A

The morula will become blastula.
- The human embryo is known as a blastocyst
- Blastula and blastocyst are analogous words referring to the same stage of development

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21
Q

Blastula

A

is a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells

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22
Q

Blastocoel

A

A cavity which is a hollow space

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23
Q

Gastrulation

A

When the blastula becomes a gastrula
- a process which the diploblastic becomes triploblastic

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24
Q

Gastrula

A

the process of the cells surrounding the blastocoel will begin an inward folding motion and push themselves into the blastocoel

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25
Q

Blastopore

A

is the opening of the cell which was formed when folding in
- will become the mouth or anus
- it will push its way to become a opening

26
Q

Archenteron

A

The space that is created from when the blastopore creates to go from one opening to the end

27
Q

G

A
28
Q

Germ Layer

A

1 of the 3 types of cell types that form from gastric
- Ectoderm: exterior lining
- Mesoderm: middle
- Endoderm: interior lining

29
Q

triploblastic

A
  • three germ layers collectively together on an animal
30
Q

Diploblastic animals

A
  • will only have two germ layers, which are Ectoderm and Endoderm
31
Q

bilaminar disc

A
  • the human embryo starts as a bilaminar disc
  • which is divided into an epiblast and hypoblast
32
Q

primative streak

A

The cell will migrate through the opening of the primitive streak that is located in the epiblast. it will then pop out into the mesoderm which is then placed in the hypoblast

33
Q

notochord

A

is derived from the mesoderm
- located in the middle of our trilaminar sandwich
- is a hallmark feature of the phylum Chordata
- all humans have notochord curing organogenesis

34
Q

induction

A

Is a cell influencing the development of a neighboring cell

35
Q

neurulation

A

is a process by which the neural tube is developed
- neural tube = primitive nervous system

36
Q

neural plate

A

Will swell and fold to create neural folds and a neural groove

37
Q

Neural fold

A
  • are developed from neural plate swelling
  • when they finally contact each other, they will pitch off as a tube, collectively creating a neural tube
38
Q

Neural Tube

A

Is the development form when two Neural folds connect with each other and pinch off
- the tube is hallow
- on top of the notochord

39
Q

neural crest cells

A

The cells in the neural folds eventually pop off
- derived from ectoderm

40
Q

Delamination

A

The process of when neural crest cells pop off the neural fold and migrate to create their own tissue

41
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • the exterior of the embryo
    EX: hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands
  • neural tube: nervous system
  • Adrenal medulla: produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Neural crest: Skull (bone, muscle, connective tissue), Melanocytes odontoblast (pigmentation), and P.N.S (sensory neuron, glial cells
42
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Epithelial lining: GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract
  • excretory system
  • Lungs
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Thyroid
  • thymus
43
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • between ectoderm and mesoderm
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • joints,
  • muscles
  • connective tissue
  • circularity system: blood, vessels, heart
  • Lymphatic system
  • Spleen
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Urogenital organs
  • Notochord
44
Q

hox genes

A
  • are a family of related genes that specify regions of the body genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo
  • corrective placement of body parts, like arms, nose, and eyes placement
  • Are responsible for segmentation structures in the body plan
45
Q

blastocysts

A

human embryo
- trophoblast
- inner cell mass (ICM), also known for embryoblast

46
Q

Trophoblast

A

there on the exterior and give rise to the placenta (chorion)
- implantation: when the embryo is implanted in the endometrium of the uterus
- produces H.C.G (Human chorionic gonadotropin)

47
Q

implantation

A

When the embryo is implanted in the endometrium of the uterus

48
Q

Zona hatching

A

When the process which the embryo is free of the zona pellucida, exposing the trophoblast layer is exposed

  • the embryo is being implanted in the uterus, causing implantation
48
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

A hormone that signals the corpus lignum to continue to produce estrogen and progesterone

  • the hormones contain endometrium; if this didn’t happen, then the menstrual cycle doesn’t take place.
49
Q

ICM (inner cell mass)

A
  • give rise to the embryo blast, amnion, yolk sac, allantois
    -distinct cell lineages: epiblast and hypoblast (looks like two pancakes)
50
Q

Epiblast

A

outer part
- produces a cavity which is filled with amnionic fluid
- acts like a cushion for the developing embryo

51
Q

hypoblast

A

inner part

52
Q

primitive groove

A

The dip/inner section/crack from the primitive streak.

53
Q
A

eblast cells are going to detach and lost their cell adhesion and go through that primitive streak into the Primitive groove

54
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Differentiated and migratory cells that travel through and pop out the other side

55
Q

Gray crescent

A

Where the sperm entered and fused with the egg
- mixes the yolk and the animal pole, which makes it grey
- in frogs

56
Q

Blastopores in frogs

A
  • they do not have primitive streaks, instead cells invaginate through the dorsal lip to form the blastopore
57
Q

yolk plug

A

formed from the endoderm cells
- grows into the blastopore and is exposed in the ventral lip of the embryo

58
Q

Chalaza

A

anchors the yolk on both ends of the egg shell to help keep in place

59
Q

Albumen

A

egg white (helps as a cushion

60
Q

allantois

A

the waste sac area when during development
- in placental mammals, it goes to the placenta

DAT (14 decks)

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