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DAT > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

Bootcamp + booster

1
Q

neuron

A

is the most basic unit of the nervous system.
-contains three parts: the soma, Dendrites, and the axon

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2
Q

Soma

A

Cell body

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information and
transfer it to the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

sends signals out

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5
Q

Axon hillock

A

where the soma connects
to the axon; action potentials are generated here

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6
Q

Glial cells

A

nervous tissue support cells
that are capable of cell division

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7
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)

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8
Q

Schwann cell

A

produce myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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9
Q

Mnemonic: COPS

A

CO: central nervous system (CNS)/Oligodendrocytes
PS: peripheral nervous system (PNS)/Schwann cell

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fatty sheaths that act as insulators and are separated by Nodes of Ranvier that allow the action potential to travel continuously down the axon, jumping from node to node, a process known as saltatory conduction, that speeds up the impulse

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11
Q

saltatory conduction

A

are separated by Nodes of Ranvier that allow the action potential to travel continuously down the axon, jumping from node to node

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12
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths where ion exchange occurs.

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13
Q

Microglial

A
  • phagocytes of the CNS
  • are macrophages that protect the central nervous system (CNS).
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14
Q

Ependymal cells

A

use cilia to circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the CNS

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15
Q

Satellite cell

A

groups of cell bodies in the PNS that serve as support cells

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16
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

receive stimulus from the environment and send the stimulus to the brain for processing (e.g., neurons in the retina of the eye)
- send signals to the spinal cord and subsequently the brain through dorsal roots.

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

provide physical support to neurons of the CNS and maintain the mineral and
nutrient balance
- form the blood-brain barrier

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18
Q

Association (interneuron) neurons

A

located in the spinal cord and brain; receive impulses from sensory neurons and send impulses to motor neurons.
- 99% of nerves are interneurons
- Are found in reflex arcs but some do not require an interneuron

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19
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

send signals back out to the muscles through ventral roots.
- May stimulate muscles, sweat glands, or cells in the stomach to secrete gastrin

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20
Q

Electrical transmission

A

a bidirectional action potential that travels along membranes of gap junctions; is less common in the body, fast, and found in cardiac and visceral smooth muscle

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21
Q

Steps of Nerve Impulse Transmission

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Action potential
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
  5. Refractory period: Absolute refractory period, and Relative refractory period
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22
Q

Chemical transmission

A

a unidirectional action potential that is most typical in animal cells

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23
Q

synapse

A

is the space between two neurons.

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24
Q

presynaptic

A

neuron sends the signal and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse

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25
Q

postsynaptic

A

neuron receives the signal by interacting with the released neurotransmitters.

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26
Q

Steps of Transmission Across Chemical Synapse

A
  1. Ca2+ gates open
  2. Synaptic vessels release
    neurotransmitter
  3. Neurotransmitter binds with
    postsynaptic receptors
  4. Postsynaptic membrane is excited or inhibited: Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
  5. Neurotransmitter is degraded/recycled/diffused away
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27
Q

Diameter

A

greater diameter allows an
impulse to propagate faster since a larger diameter results in a less resistance to the flow of ions (think of passing water
through a large pipe vs. a small one)

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28
Q

Myelination

A

heavily myelinated axons
allow impulses to propagate faster since Na+ ions can’t leak out, thereby driving saltatory conduction to occur faster

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29
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

(EPSP) is a graded potential that depolarizes the membrane.
In an EPSP, excitatory neurotransmitters cause Na+
ion gates to open and let Na+ ions flow into the cell.

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30
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

is a graded potential that hyperpolarizes the membrane. Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause K+ ion gates to open and let K+ ions flow out of the cell. Another IPSP type allows influx of Cl- ,allowing negative Cl- ions in.

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31
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

secreted at neuromuscular junctions and cause muscle contraction or relaxation

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32
Q

Glutamate

A

neurotransmitter at the
neuromuscular junction in
invertebrates, and is the most
common CNS neurotransmitter in vertebrates

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32
Q

types of Amino acids neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, gamma aminobutyric Acid (GABA), and Glycine

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33
Q

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter among brain neurons

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34
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter
among synapses of the CNS outside the brain

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35
Q

Amino acid derived (biogenic amines) Neurotransmitters

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine, and serotonin (5HT) -
secreted between neurons of the CNS
- Epinephrine/norepinephrine act in the sympathetic nervous
system and are released from
post ganglionic nerves

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36
Q

Gases neurotransmitters

A

Unlike most neurotransmitters, these are not stored in vesicles and are actually synthesized and released on demand! Example: nitric oxide (NO)

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36
Q

Neuropeptides neurotransmitters

A

short chains of amino acids and are a diverse group including substance P and endorphins

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37
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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38
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

is composed of nerves branching off the CNS.

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39
Q

what three areas can the brain divide to during embryonic development?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

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40
Q

Forebrain

A

largest and most
important brain region; contains the
cerebrum, which includes the
following: Cerebral Cortex, Olfactory blub, thalamus, hypothalamus, Basal ganglia, adn Hippocampus

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41
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

processes sensory input, important for perception, memory, voluntary movement, and learning

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42
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

smell

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43
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory information between spinal cord and cerebral cortex

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

responsible for visceral function such as water balance, blood pressure regulation, temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sex drive, circadian rhythms — circadian rhythms coordinated by suprachiasmatic nucleus

45
Q

Basal ganglia

A

centers for planning/learning movement sequences

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory consolidation and spatial navigation

47
Q

Hindbrain

A

posterior part of the
brain that contains the following: Cerebellum, pons, Medulla oblongata, Brainstem

48
Q

Midbrain

A

relay center for visual and auditory impulses, and motor control

49
Q

Cerebellum

A

maintains balance, hand-eye coordination, timing of rapid movements, and motor skills

50
Q

Pons

A

relay center to allow communication between the
cortex and cerebellum

51
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

regulates breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity

52
Q

Brainstem

A

consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and
pons; connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and is part of the reticular formation, which is a network of neurons within the brainstem that regulates sleep and arousal

53
Q

Spinal cord

A

a bundle of nerves (does not include the bony spine/ vertebral column) with the outer area of the cord consisting of white matter and the inner consisting of gray matter;
contains two horns: Dorsal horn Ventral horn

54
Q

Dorsal horn

A

sensory info enters here

55
Q

Ventral horn

A

motor information
exits here

56
Q

Brain lobes

A

the cerebrum, the largest part of the brain with two hemispheres and connected by the corpus callosum (thick nerve bundle) is divided by lobes: Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and parietal lobe

57
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • known for speech and
    hearing.
  • also the location for: Wernickes area, Hippocampus and Auditory cortex
58
Q

Wernickes area

A

understanding speech

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory formation

60
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

processes auditor information in humans

61
Q

Parietal lobe

A

contains the sensory
areas: Somatosensation, proprioception, and somatosensory cortex

62
Q

Somatosensation

A

temperature, touch, pressure,
and pain

63
Q

Proprioception

A

orientation of body parts in space

64
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

receives and processes sensory
information from entire body

65
Q

Frontal lobe

A

known for higher function
processes such as decision making, problem solving, attention and concentration.

66
Q

Occipital lobe

A

known for vision.
contains: Visual association cortex

67
Q

Visual association cortex

A

processes vision

68
Q

Amygdala

A

Responsible for the emotional
reaction to certain scents.

69
Q

limbic system

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. It
is responsible for emotion, memory, learning, and motivation.

70
Q

meninges

A

protect the CNS and have three
layers: Dura Mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

71
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • Electromagnetic Receptors
  • Chemoreceptors
72
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

touch

73
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

temperature

74
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain

75
Q

Electromagnetic receptors

A

light

76
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell, blood
chemistry

77
Q

Vagus nerve

A

extends from medulla oblongata and innervates parts of the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and liver

78
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

innervates lower limbs and pelvis

79
Q

Abducens nerve

A

serves the somatic muscles surrounding the eyes

80
Q

Path of Vision

A

Cornea (focuses light) → pupil (diameter controlled by the pigmented iris) → lens
(thickness controlled by ciliary muscles; responsible for focusing images) → retina
(light sensitive cells)

81
Q

Supraorbital nerve

A

serves structures surrounding the eyes and scalp

82
Q

Cornea

A

focuses light and protects the eye.

83
Q

Pupil

A
  • controls how much light enters the eye.
84
Q

Lens

A

focuses images on retina.

85
Q

Retina

A

back of the eye that has
photoreceptors (rods + cones).

86
Q

Rods

A

function at low levels of light
and are responsible for low-light perception.

87
Q

Cones

A

function at high levels of
light and are responsible for color perception.

88
Q

Fovea

A

highest concentration of
photoreceptors in the retina and responsible

89
Q

Iris

A

controls the size of the pupil.

90
Q

Amacrine and bipolar cells

A

take information from rods and cones, transmitting the information to ganglion cells of the optic nerve fibers.

91
Q

Optic nerve

A

bundle of axons that transmits
visual information to the brain.

92
Q

Optic disk

A

the blind spot of the eye, where
the optic nerve passes through to reach the brain.

93
Q

Sclera

A

protective connective tissue that
surrounds the eye, the “white part” of the eye.

94
Q

Choroid

A

vascular connective tissue.

95
Q

Vitreous humor

A

jelly-like liquid between the lens and retina that maintains eye shape and has optical properties; makes up most of the eye volume

  • inside the eye
96
Q

Aqueous humor

A

watery liquid that fills anterior chamber between the lens and cornea; the eye produces this in order to maintain intraocular pressure and provide nutrients to the avascular ocular tissues

97
Q

Myopia

A

eye disorder: nearsightedness

98
Q

Hyperopia

A

eye disorder: farsightedness

99
Q

Astigmatism

A

irregularly shaped
cornea

100
Q

Cataracts

A

lens becomes opaque and
light cannot enter

101
Q

Glaucoma

A

an increase in pressure of
the eye due to blocking of outflow of aqueous humor

102
Q

Outer ear

A

takes in sound waves, and the
tympanic membrane transfers the sound from outer ear to middle ear.

103
Q

Middle ear

A
  • is composed of three bony
    ossicles the malleus, incus, & stapes.
  • The ossicles transfer vibrations through the middle ear and amplify the signal.
  • The stapes transfers the vibrations from the middle to the inner ear via the oval window.
104
Q

Inner ear

A

waves move through the
cochlea (vibration of ossicles exert pressure on the fluid). As the wave moves through alternating pressures, motion is
creating along the basilar membrane. This movement is detected by hair cells (not actual hair cells, but specialized stereocilia cells) of the organ of Corti → transduced neural signal → action potential

105
Q

transduction.

A

The cochlea uses fluid and hairs to convert the mechanical signal into a neuronal signal

106
Q

semicircular canal

A

has fluid and hairs just like the cochlea but gives information about the person’s movement. It is also the reason we get dizzy.

107
Q

the tongue has Five taste receptor cells

A
  • sensing salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami.
  • Taste information is sent to the thalamus and subsequently the gustatory cortex.
108
Q
A

DAT (14 decks)

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