Terms Module 1 Flashcards by Matt L

The study of chemical and cellular defense against foreign substances

Immunology

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foreign substance, such as a microorganism, which triggers the immune response

Antigen

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Specific response to “foreign” substance (usually a microbe)

Adaptive (Acquired / Induced) Immunity Response

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antigen-specific proteins which bind to the antigen and assist in inactivating the antigen

Antibody (Ab) [Immunoglobulin (Ig)]

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a sequence of related host defense events beginning when a host encounters a substance as being “foreign” or “non-self” and leading to cellular and chemical defensive actions.

Immune Response

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the body’s resistance to disease-causing microorganisms and damage by foreign substances

Immunity

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certain white blood cells that ingest and digest (kill) invading microbes

Phagocytes

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Non-specific, general recognition and response to “foreign” substance. Physical and chemical barriers (e.g. skin & mucous; certain proteins in blood and from specific tissue cells; inflammation, phagocytosis)

Innate Host Response (Natural/Native immunity)

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The primary phagocytic cells

Neutrophils

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Moderately phagocytic; matures into macrophages & dendritic cells; and responds to inflammation signals

Monocyte

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Nonspecific, general response to “foreign” substance, including inflammatory response

Innate Host Response (Natural/Native immunity)

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precommitted to respond to specific antigens

Lymphocytes

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numerous in allergic responses

Eosinophils

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involved in the inflammatory process

Basophils

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antigenic substance is engulfed and digested by certain white blood cells.

Phagocytosis

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Lymphatic fluid containing antigens and Antigen-Presenting Cells flows through _______ where the antigens encounter and activate precommitted lymphocytes and respond to local or regional infections

Lymph nodes

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the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

Diapedesis

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(MALT)

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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movement of phagocyte toward the site of inflammation/intrusion; “called” by cellular products

Chemotaxis

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a process by which leukocytes stick to the walls of blood vessels at the site of an infection

Margination

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Filters blood and traps blood-borne antigens – responds to systemic infections

Spleen

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tissues where antigens interact with cells of the immune system

Lymphoid Tissue

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(one amino acid chain) found on virtually every cell in the body

Class I MHC

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(BALT)

Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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A specific "foreign" substance which stimulates an immune response (immunogenic) when introduced into the body, and reacts with antibodies or T-cell receptors.

Immunogens

proteins on the surface of tissue and blood cells which identify cells belonging to a specific individual.

Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)

(GALT)

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

the specific part of the immunogen that specifies or determines the exact antibody to be produced

Epitope

Recognition of Self vs. Non-self is determined by

Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC)

(two amino acid chains) found only on immunocompetent cells, particularly B-cells and macrophages

Class II MHC

amino acid sequences vary from one immunoglobulin to another; match with variable region of corresponding heavy chain

Variable region (VL )

specific to the antigen to which this cell is ‘precommitted’ and they develop as attachment sites for specific types of foreign antigen molecules

Antigen-Specific Surface Receptors (T-cell Receptors [TCR] or B-cell receptors [BCR])

antigen-specific binding sites -- "lock and key" specificity for specific antigen

Fab sites

The mature lymphocytes will be tolerant of antigens on our own "self" MHC molecules; and, therefore, will not mount an immune response against them.

Immune Tolerance

Antibody that region binds to phagocyte

Fc region

antigen-specific proteins which bind to specific sites on antigens and assist in inactivating the antigen by attaching to it.

Immunoglobulins (Ig) [Antibody (Ab)]

Two types (2 sequences) -- Kappa and Lambda types (4 subtypes)

Constant region (CL)

LFA-1

Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1

capture antigenic material (whole microbes) via phagocytosis

Macrophages

Amino acid sequence and 3-dimensional structure accounts for ability to recognize and bind with a particular epitope

Variable region (VH)

small proteins produced by specific human cells and which act as chemical mediators of the immune system to cause or enhance certain actions or functions of the immune system.

Cytokine Products of Cells

capture “digested” antigenic material via antigen-specific B-cell receptors

B-lymphocytes (B-cells are not phagocytic)

chemicals which help activate or control the cells of the immune system

Chemical Mediators

Antigen-specific immunoglobulin response

Characteristics of TH2

a proteoglycan which serves to assemble a complex containing granzymes and perforin

Serglycin

defensive activities based on the role of antigen-specific immunoglobulins

Humoral Response

a membrane-penetrating protein which creates an entrance into the target cell

Perforin

Antigen-specific local inflammatory response

Characteristics of TH1

cytotoxic protease molecules which cleave various proteins in the target cell’s cytoplasm thus leading to apoptotic death of the target cell

Granzymes

Defensive activities based on the action of pre-committed T-lymphocytes that move into action to kill the invader or activate other parts of the immune system through the production of chemicals which directly fight (act to kill) the antigen (microbe) or regulate immune response

Cell-Mediated Response

the immunoglobulin-producing progeny of an activated B-lymphocyte (lives only a few days; produces 20,000 molecules per minute)

Plasma cells

gene rearrangement leading to the expression of a new heavy chain class (switch from IgM to IgG or IgA) without altering the specificity (Fab) of the immunoglobulin

Class Switching

immunoglobulins alter the shape of toxin molecules, thus rendering them ineffective (activity of IgG only)

Neutralization of toxins

the attachment of immunoglobulin molecules to the surface of an antigen (e.g. bacterial cell), thus marking the cell for rapid phagocytosis and increasing the phagocyte’s adherence to the cell.

Opsonization

long-lived and self-renewing cells which "remember" the antigen and remain primed for future encounters with it

Memory T-lymphocytes (TM)

a tissue cell that has high-affinity receptors for IgE and generates inflammatory chemical mediators in allergy

Mast Cell

reaction limited to a specific target tissue or organ, often involving epithelial surfaces at the site of allergen entry (e.g. hay fever)

Localized anaphylaxis

a shock-like and often fatal state whose onset occurs within minutes or exposure to the allergen (e.g. bee sting)

Systemic anaphylaxis

A complex series of serum proteins which interact in a cascade fashion to enhance certain antigen-antibody reactions.

Complement System

destruction of cells by means of membrane-attack complexes

Cytolysis

the events which occur in the host's immune system following first time exposure to a specific foreign substance.

Primary response

chemical attraction of phagocytic cells to the site of antigenic stimulation.

Chemotaxis

the rapid and highly specific response by the host's immune system against a specific foreign substance which had been previously encountered.

Secondary response

increase adherence of phagocytes to the antigen

Phagocyte adherence (opsonization)

Results from direct stimulation of host immune system

Active immunity

Results from transfer of pre-formed immunoglobulins and/or cells from a donor to the host. Host immune system does not participate.

Passive immunity

active infection caused the host to produce immunoglobulins in response to the infection;

Active natural

preformed immunoglobulins acquired by placental transport of mother's Ig G to fetus, or by colostrum (Ig A) in the mother's milk

Passive natural

host produces immunoglobulins in response to immunization (vaccination) with live or killed microorganism

Artificial active

pre-formed immunoglobulins acquired by injection of antiserum or antitoxin

Artificial passive

a class of bacterial toxins and viral proteins that can non-specifically bind the MHC-II molecule of an APC with the TCR of a T-cell in a tight adhesion of the two cells, thus leading to massive T-cell activation and the release of large amounts of cytokines

Superantigens

immune responses that fail to | distinguish self from non-self

Autoimmune diseases

defects in defensive immunological reactions manifested by recurring infections.

Immunodeficiency diseases

immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate for protective function (e.g. fatal bee sting)

Hypersensitivity

Antigen-antibody complexes deposit on the cell membrane and activate complement and an ensuing inflammatory response

Type III -- Immune Complex-mediated Hypersensitivity

Immunoglobulins directed against antigens on an individual's cells cause complement lysis or destruction by killer cells

Type II -- Antibody-mediated Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Antigen-sensitized T-cells release lymphokines after being re-exposed to the antigens. The lymphokines attract macrophages which in turn release mediators and induce an inflammatory reaction. (24-72 hours)

Type IV -- Cell-mediated Hypersensitivity (delayed type hypersensitivity)

IgE sensitized mast cells degranulate when re-exposed to an antigen

Type I -- IgE-mediated Hypersensitivity (immediate hypersensitivity)

a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte

Lymphokines