Study Guide Sheet 1 (pt2) Flashcards
On the gram-negative cell bacteria, which component makes it the endotoxin molecule?
Lipid A
On the gram-negative cell bacteria, what creates a periplasmic space between peptidoglycan and the “outer membrane”.
The Lipoprotein layer
What is the “cell wall antigen” in Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella antigenic tests?
The O Antigen
A clump of a few million identical bacteria originating from the same bacterium is called a __________.
A colony
Most medically significant bacteria will reproduce about every __________ minutes under optimal conditions.
30 - 60
On the gram-negative cell bacteria, what is the site of certain enzymatic processes?
The periplasmic space
Describe the types of oxygen utilization.
- Aerobic – Requires atmospheric oxygen (21%)
- Microaerophilic – requires reduced oxygen concentration (5-10%)
- Anaerobic – requires absence of oxygen
- Facultative – can grow in presence or absence of oxygen
What are the optimal temperature, pH, CO2, and humidity for growth of typical medically significant bacteria?
- 35 Degrees Celsius
- 6.8 – 7.4 pH
- No increased CO2 needed (some bacteria need 5 – 7% CO2)
- 60 - 80% humidity
When compared to “typical bacteria,” what are the major characteristics that are different for those designated in class as “Atypical” bacteria?
- Modified cell wall structures, if present
- Complicated or modified reproductive method
- Atypical Requires a living host or special highly enriched media
The bacteria designated in class as “Typical” belong to the kingdom _________________. Those designated as “Atypical” belong to the kingdom _________________.
Prokaryotes;
Prokaryotes
Mould cells that are multicellular long filaments are called ____________. When these cells/structures grow in a mass, they are referred to as _____________.
Hyphae;
Mycelium (i.e. colony)
- Reproductive forms of moulds typically grow on ___________. (what structure)
Reproductive hyphae
True/False. Moulds typically grow on artificial media similar to that used for bacteria, except that the media usually contains antibiotics to inhibit viruses. Why?
False, to inhibit bacteria during longer growth periods.
Describe a virus? (type of organism, size, reproduction, etc.)
- Not an organism as it is not a living cell
- 18 to 300 nm (.018 - .30 um)
- obligate intracellular parasite
- have either DNA or RNA
- helical (enveloped) or icosahedral (no envelope)
What is the inner-most structure of the virus, what is it composed of, and what is its function?
Nucleic acid; RNA or DNA not both; genetic material
What is the structure found on the exterior of only certain viruses?
Envelopes
What is its structural composition of the envelope around a virus?
- Lipid bilayer from host cell or nuclear membrane
- Glycoproteins (spikes) – site for attachment and serve as antigens
What are the primary functions of the virus envelope?
- Lipid bilayer provides protection from the environment
- Proteins are primary site of attachment to host cell surface
- Proteins serve as antigens during infection and as site for antibody attachment
Bacterial viruses are structurally similar to animal viruses, but with an additional structure known as the ____________. One significant role of this additional structure is ________________________.
Tail;
The base with enzymatic pins
Water comprises about _____% of cell volume
70%
As designated with some Atypical bacteria, what does mycoplasma mean?
It has no cell wall
Viruses are susceptible to most antibiotics. T/F
False; viruses are not susceptible to most antibiotics
Which part of the bacteriophage, can punch a hole in the bacterial cell wall, allowing the nucleic acid to enter.
The base with enzymatic pins
Describe the major steps of the virus infection
- Attachment
- Penetration and uncoating of nucleic acid
- Eclipse or synthesis phase
- Maturation
- Release
The eclipse or synthesis phase of the virus infection, is also known as what?
Translation / Transcription
