Terms for Exam 2 Flashcards
Bucolics (Ecologues)
one of the first works of Virgil. A poem that describes life on a pasture (pastoral themes)
one of the first works of Virgil. A poem that describes life on a pasture (pastoral themes)
one of the first works of Virgil that describes the pleasures of farm life
Aeneid
Virgil was commissioned by emperor Augustus to write the Aeneid with two goals: “to imitate Homer” and “to praise Augustus beginning with his ancestors”
Marriage of Peleus and Thetis
forgot to invite Eris, the goddess of strife and dissonance–to the wedding. She shows up anyway and rolls an apple, “the apple of discord,” into the wedding party. Three goddesses–Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite–see the words “for the fairest” inscribed on the apple skin. This leads to an argument as to who is the fairest, which leads to the Judgement of Paris.
Judgement of Paris
Paris, a Trojan prince must choose one of the three and his judgment leads to the Trojan War–Aphrodite wins the contest and in exchange Paris gets the love of Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, wife to Greek King Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon. This creates conflict, as Helen is already married. This love leads to the Abduction of Helen
Abduction of Helen
Paris steals away Helen from Greece to the citadel of his father Priam. The Sons of Atreus–Agamemnon and Menelaus–rally the Greeks to war and launch a thousand ships on the Aegean Sea to get Helen back. This starts the Trojan War.
Catalogue of Ships
epic catalogue (list of things) in Book 2 of the Iliad. Aeneas is mentioned in Book 2 of the Iliad as second only to Hector, Prince of Troy
Aristeia of Diomedes
Chapter in book 5 of Iliad. Aeneas is nearly killed, but is rescued by Venus and Apollo
Proem
This is a preface to a book. In particular, it is the preface to the Aeneid.
Invocation of the Muse
ll epic poems begin with a plea to a muse to inspire the poet. –“Muse, tell me why the Queen of Heaven was so aggrieve, her godhead so offended, that she forced a man of faultless devotion to endure so much hardship. Can there be anger so great in the hearts of gods on high?”
Causes of Juno’s Anger
Juno hates the Trojans: this is because of the Judgement of Paris (a Trojan), and the abduction of Ganymede by Jupiter. Additionally, she fears for the future of Rome, as it is prophesied that Rome will ultimately destroy Carthage in the Punic Wars; Carthage is her favorite city. Thus, she actively tries to prevent the founding of Rome.
Abduction of Ganymede
Jupiter made a Trojan boy, Ganymede, the cupbearer for the gods. This makes Juno angry, as she hates the Trojans.
In medias res
starting the the middle of the story
Pietas
As defined by Cicero, “that which urges us to carry out responsibility to country or parents or others related by blood.” As defined by Stanley Lombardo, “devoted (to my city’s gods). As defined by RG Austin, “duty, devoted service, responsibility, compassion, the full consciousness of what is due to others.”
Furor vs. Imperium
a major theme of the Aeneid. madness, chaos, and fury vs empire, command, and order.
Anthropomorphic gods
human form of gods and goddesses
Personifications
characteristics that Romans value, given human formed and worshipped
Nature deities
personification of natural things
Imported divinities
divinities from other places being adopted , result of early/later conquest, feature of polytheism
Olympian gods
most important and honored divinities
Other Olympians
Apollo / Phoebus, Diana, Mercury, Vulcan, Bacchus
Divine Epithets
specific function of god, aspect in which he/she is worshipped, i.e. Jupiter Capitolinus
Demigods
often viewed as heros, deified after death
Hercules, Romulus, Divine Julius Caesar
demigods
Fortuna
goddess of good fortune
Victoria
goddess of victory
genius loci
“spirits of the place”
evocatio
The “calling forth” or “summoning away” of a deity was an evocatio, from evoco, evocare, “summon.” The ritual was conducted in a military setting either as a threat during a siege or as a result of surrender, and aimed at diverting the favor of a tutelary diety from the opposing city to the Roman side, customarily with a promise of better-endowed cult or a more lavish temple
Quirinus
connected with deified Romulus
Pontifex Maximus
greatest preist
flamens
(15) associated with an individual god, have different responsiblities, 3 major are Jupier, Mars and Quirinus
Flamen Dialis
cult of Jupiter, abide by various rules, wore a (funny looking) hat called apex
apex
a (funny looking) hat worn by Flamen Dialis
College of Augurs
communication with gods, interpresting various signs, derived from Etruscans, 3 main types: flight & eating habits of birds, reading entrails, interpreting portents
Auguraculum
located on Capitoline
Pullarius
observed eating habits of scared chickens
Haruspex
reader of entrails
Bronze liver
divided into 40 sections for different gods, used by haruspex
Decemviri
type of priest, consulted during times of emergency, custodians of the Sibylline books, usually introduced new god or ceremony to fix problem
Fetial College
controlled international relations like declaring war and signing peace treaties
Lustratio
ritual purification of space, lead pig, sheep and bull around perimeter
suovetaurilia
scarfice of pig, sheep nad bull
Temple of Castor and Pollux
greek heros
Temple of Concord
personified goddess, commemorate reconciliaton between patricians and plebs
Thrace
former allies of Troy
Polydorus
Youngest son of Priam, entrusted with Thrace. Killed during Fall of Troy by Thracians.
Aeneadae
The first city that Aeneas builds and tries to create in the image of Troy. Portent: “black blood that clotted on the ground”
Delos
Birthplace and Cult Center of Apollo, God of Prophecy.
Apollo’s prophecy
Tells Aeneas to go back to the land where his ancestors came from.
Anchises
Father of Aeneas by Venus. He escaped Troy on the shoulders of Aeneas.
Teucer
Early Trojan ancestor, originally from Crete
Crete
Island in the Aegean Sea south of Greece. Aeneas landed here when searching for his destined land.
Pergamum
Aeneas builds this city with Greek style. Plague broke out.
Penates
Appear to Aeneas in a dream during plague in Pergamum. Tell him to seek Italy.
Dardanus
Trojan ancestor. Born in Pergamum.
Strophades
Islands in the Ionian Sea, home of the harpies.
Harpies
Monsters with a bird’s body and a woman’s head.
Celaeno
Chief of the Harpies.
Ithaca
home of Ulysses (Odysseus)
Leucate
Region of actium. Ulysses spends winter month
Actium
A promontory in northwestern Greece near which Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra in 31 B.C.E.
Buthrotum
example of a city Aeneas is not suppose to found/create. Built in the image of Troy. Only possible through the aid of a Greek.
Helenus
Son of Priam. Trojan Seer. Slave to Pyrrhus/Neoptolemus.
Andromache
Wife of Hector. Slave to Pyrrhus/Neoptolemus.
Hector
Eldest son of Priam. Husband of Andromache. Leader of the Trojan army at Troy in Homer’s Iliad; killed by Achilles.
Pyrrhus/Neoptolemus
Married the daughter of Helen. Killed by Orestes.
Simois
Most important river right outside of Troy.
Xanthus
River near Troy.
Scylla and Charybdis
Two monsters; one is snake-like and the other is a whirlpool.
Sibyl
Prophetess at Cumae in Italy. Aeneas consulted her about entering the Underworld.
Cyclops
Race of giants living in Sicily who have only one eye each. The workers of Vulcan.
Blinding of Polyphemus
Famous scene in the Odyssey. Cyclops finds Greeks eating his cheese; he incarcarates them to eat later. Odysseus gets cyclop drunk, blinds him, and he escapes with his men.
Achaemenides
Character invented by Vergil. Abandoned by Ulysses. Joins Aeneas men.
Death of Anchises
Aeneas’ last connection to his past.
Dido
Queen of Carthage
Paterfamilias
father of family
Pater potestas
“paternal power”
Matrona
mother/ wife of family
manus marriage-
‘hand’ marriage, woman handed from father to husband
coemptio
wife is bought by husband
usus
live together for one year
sine manu
free marriage, women maintain rights and property
puer
roman boy
bulla
necklace worn to protect goy
puella
roman girl
paedagogus
preliminary education in Latin and Greek
litterator
reading, writing and arithmetic
grammaticus
focus on literature, esp Homer and Virgil
orator
public speaking
ludus
school
peculium
fund to purchase one’s freedom
libertinus
slave who gained his freedom
ingenuus
slave who is given his freedom
Taberna
shops
Fauces/Vestibulum
entryway
Atrium
main room
Impluvium
outdoor part in middle usually, drainage
Tablinum
home office
Triclinium
dining room
Hortus
garden
Cubiculum
bedroom
Garum
fish sauce
Pederasty
relationship between man and boy
meretrix
female prostitute
puticuli
poorest, open pits outside city
ludi
“games”
munera
“gifts
lanista
trainer for Gladiator schools
retiarius
gladiator who used loincloth, net with weights, and a trident
secutor
gladiator who was heavy armed, used large shield
Amphitheatre
“double theater” (looks like two theaters facing eachother)
Arena
oval area in the center
Cavea
seating area
Flavian Amphitheatre/Colosseum
four story arena, completed by Titus. Built over portion of Nero’s Domus Aurea. Symbolizes giving back to rome what Nero took away from them.
Chariot Racing
Most popular form of entertainment
Circus Maximus
Venue for chariot racing.
Jupiter Capitolinus
divine epithet of Jupiter; worshiped as “Capitol,” prophecy of the permanence of Rome
Mars Ultor
divine epithet of Mars; religious cult created by Augustus to worship “Ultor” avenging spirit/ war spirit
Venus Genetrix-
divine epithet of Venus; worshiped as “genertrix” (mother)
River Tiber
central river which flows through Rome to the sea; has religious significance in Roman history
collegia
literally “college” of priests who worked on specific issues (similar to Roman Catholic College of Cardinals)
Temple to Divine Julius Caesar
built in Roman Forum in honor of assassination of Julius Caesar. 42 BC: decree to build temple and institute cult and priesthood of Divine Julius Caesar
pudicitia
“modesty” or “sexual virtue” principle expected to be exercised by Roman women of high class/aristocracy
Talassio
a god invoked at ancient Roman weddings, the term ‘Talassio’ was used when the bride entered her new house
toga praetexta
toga worn by free Roman boys- symbolizes sexual purity and potential to become magistrate/priest
paedagogus
preliminary education in Latin and Greek
litterator
reading, writing and arithmetic
grammaticus
focus on literature, esp Homer and Virgil
rhetor
orator- public speaking
Manumission
act of an owner freeing their slaves; often occurred upon owner’s death
Freedmen
citizens of Rome, of low social status but could become wealthy
meretrix
female prostitute
Suburban Baths at Pompeii
often built by emperor for the public; had hot and cold pools, exercise space, and imperial baths
pomerium
sacred boundary of Rome, cemeteries located outside of the pomerium
prothesis
body lying in state
pompa funebris
funeral procession
laudatio funebris
eulogy
collegium
musicians
Via Appia
one of Rome’s earliest roads. Goes from Rome to Brundisi, and lined with funerary monuments of Rome’s prominent families.
libertus
freedman
pistor
baker
columbaria
mausoleums
puticuli
poorest, open pits outside city
ludi
“games”
munera
“gifts
lanista
trainer for Gladiator schools
retiarius
gladiator who used loincloth, net with weights, and a trident
secutor
gladiator who was heavy armed, used large shield
Flavian Amphitheatre/Colosseum
four story arena, completed by Titus. Built over portion of Nero’s Domus Aurea. Symbolizes giving back to rome what Nero took away from them.
biga
two-horses chariot racing
quadriga
four-horses chariot racing
venatione
beast hunt
bestiarius
man who hunted animals during venatione
