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Intro to Ancient Rome > Study Guides Exam 1 > Flashcards

Study Guides Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

polygot world

A

referred to as “polygot” due to the many different people and cultures, all speaking different languages, i.e. those from Latium spoke Latin, Etruscans spoke Etruscan

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2
Q

Villanovan culture

A

provided early iron age archaeological evidence through their use of bi-conical urns and also urns in the model of huts to bury remains from cremations

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3
Q

Magna Graecia

A

means “Great Greece”, most city-states were here

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4
Q

Syracuse

A

most powerful Greek city-state at the time, founded by Corinth, controlled most of Sicily, and came into conflict with Carthage

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5
Q

Posidonia

A

best preserved Greek temples

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6
Q

Tomb of the Diver

A

located in Magna Graecia, showcasing Greek symposium scenes along with a scene of man leaping into water (could symbolize him leaping into his death/afterlife)

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7
Q

Etruscans

A

located in Etruria, spoke their own unique language of Etruscan, drew from Greek city-states. Known for “Bucchero” pottery which took inspiration from Greek art and consisted of shiny, black metal prototypes, usually served as elite drinking vessels

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8
Q

Dionysius of Halikarnassus

A

came up with the theory that Etruscans didn’t really originate from a specific group of people, they were just always there due to their strange language

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9
Q

Herodotus

A

came up with the theory that Etruscans originated from modern-day Turkey (Lydia). The king of Lydia divided his people up into two groups, one who stays in Lydia and the other moves elsewhere. The king’s son was named Tyrrhenian, so that is the origin of why the Etruscans are called Tyrrhenians by the Greeks

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10
Q

Cerveteri (ancient Caere)

A

cemetery located at Cerveteri, showcases typical Etruscan cemeteries with tombs covered with earth; hill-like

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11
Q

Tomb of the Reliefs

A

a unique Etrsucan tomb showing art draw on the sides inspired by the Greeks, also contains sarcophagi unique to the Etruscans at the time

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12
Q

Tomb of the Ship

A

shows an Etruscan banquet (symposium) scene, including women, meaning the Etruscans did not discriminate against women like the Greeks did

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13
Q

Aeneas

A

son of Anchises/Troy. He fought in the Trojan War and eventually established Lavinium after allying with King Latinus and marrying his daughter Lavinia

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14
Q

Romulus and Remus

A

they were born to Rhea Silva after she was raped by the god Mars. They were raised by she-wolves until Faustulus found them and raised them. They decided to found a new settlement on the spot where they were left to drown (later Rome) after overthrowing Amulius and reinstating Numitor. However, the twins had a dispute as to who was older and would be king since they were twins and it was impossible to determine. Thus, the pair decided to interpret the will of gods through flight of birds. They received mixed signals, so Romulus killed Remus (another version is that Romulus angrily killed Remus because he jumped over Romulus’ half-built settlement walls).

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15
Q

Rape of the Sabines

A

Romulus needed women for his newly founded city of Rome, so he attempted to get women over with diplomacy. That didn’t work, so he threw a festival to deceive the Sabines and stole their women while they were distracted

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16
Q

Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)

A

area between the holy Palatine and Capitoline hills, later drained and paved to make room for important government and religious buildings

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17
Q

Regia

A

building associated with the 7 kings, has a complicated, unknown history

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18
Q

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus

A

temple to the Roman god Jupiter built on the Capitoline w/ Etruscan influences

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19
Q

Rex

A

Roman term for king, had an indefinite term, did not have to be hereditary, elected and ratified by senators

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20
Q

imperium

A

power invested in an individual (the king in this case) by the state to do whatever he feels is in the best interests of the state

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21
Q

curiae

A

30 curiae in total, 10 curiae each tribe, citizens would fight in their curiae, they decided war and peace, and it was essentially an assembly of citizens

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22
Q

Numa Pompilius

A

2nd king, known for religious institutions

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23
Q

Flamen Dialis

A

high priest of Jupiter

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24
Q

Servius Tullius

A

6th king, known for the Servian Constitution

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25
Servian Constitution
Reorganized the people and created a census.
26
Assembly of Centuriates
people were organized into centuries (divisions of the army) based on their wealth. There were 18 aristocratic calvary centuries and 170 infantry centuries in 5 different classes. The poorest of Romans, the Proletari, were thrown into one century and had no military or political function
27
Tarquin the Proud
7th king, the line of Roman kings ended with the Tarquins
28
Sextus Tarquin
son of Tarquin the Proud, he raped Lucretia after lusting over an argument with Collatinus (Lucretia's wife) of who had the best, most virtuous wife
29
Lucretia
wife of Collatinus, most virtuous wife, was raped by Sextus, killed herself as and example for other roman women.
30
Brutus
kinsmen of Lucretia, appealed to the Forum to overthrow the Tarquins, and declare that no other man would be King of Rome ever again
31
Res publica
"public realm" to represent the beginning of the Republic, as opposed to res privata, "private realm" meaning the Monarchy
32
Consuls
replaces the kings. 2 are elected annually, with Brutus and Collatinus being the very first 2
33
Dictator
(not a bad thing in ancient Rome even though it's called a dictator) called upon in times of emergency, with a 6 month long term.
34
Patricians
members of the old leading families back when there were clans.
35
Plebians/plebs
not necessarily poor, just not fortunate enough to be born into a leading family. They had no access to aristocratic or religious offices.
36
Debt slavery
the poorest plebs were often forced into slavery if they were unable to pay their taxes in time
37
Livy’s soldier
this was a citizen soldier who fought based on crop seasons. When he came back, his land was destroyed so he was unable to grow crops and pay taxes. The horonoable scars on his chest from warfare was contrasted with the welts on his back from being whipped as a slave, this juxtaposition showing just how unfair the life as a pleb could be.
38
“Struggle of the Orders”
Plebians soon became unsatisfied with their place in society, since Patricians held a monopoly on public offices along with land that the plebs fought for and this was extremely unfair and elitist
39
senatus consultum
a decree issued by the senate that is usually followed through with, and is their primary source of power
40
Plebian Succession
Plebians formed the plebian assembly so they could have a say as well
41
Tribune of the plebs
head of the Plebian assembly, they could summon the assembly and had the right to veto laws. They also had sacrosanctitas and held fasces
42
Twelve Tables
first Roman law code written by Plebians. Including laws like family/marriage laws, inheritance laws, criminal laws, and most importantly, debt laws
43
Licinian-Sextian laws
greatly improved the Plebian place within society. Included reforms like minimizing debt interest, thus hopefully decreasing debt slavery, and allowed Plebians access to public land and political and religious offices, such as consul, magistrates, increased religious officials to 10, and allowed Plebians to hold high priest positions
44
Hill Tribes
the beggining of Rome's external threats. Hill Tribes raided Roman land and defeated the army
45
Cincinnatus
a good citizen elected to assist Rome as dictator after Rome's defeat at the hands of the hill tribes. He resolved the situation, defeated the Hill Tribes, and returned his fasces immediately afterwards like a good model Roman citizen
46
Fasces
bundled reeds with an axe tied to it; a symbol of power, meaning no one can harm the holder without suffering extreme consequences, given to curule positions
47
Fall of Veii
Veii was a rival of Rome and they had been having continuous conflicts in the 5th c. BCE. Rome eventually engaged in 10 years of year-round seige warfare with Veii, and emerged victorious. The city of Veii was colonized (made a municipium), whilst the men were executed and the women and children were made slaves
48
Camillus
dictator during the war with Veii who had the smart idea to tunneled under its city walls and led Rome to victory
49
municipium (sing.)/municipia (pl.)
a colony/colonies of Rome
50
Celts/Gauls
came into conflict with Rome. The Roman army was defeated in the Battle of Allia, and Rome was sacked, until Camillus gave an inspiring speech to urge the Romans to fight. They did, and the Gauls eventually left.
51
Samnite wars
took place in Italy. Rome was initially defeated in the Battle of Caudine Forks, but they colonized and built a fortress at Apulia to surround and defeat the Samnites
52
Tarentum (Taras)
Magna Graecia city protectorate. Rome fought against them and defeated them, causing the city-states to lose their independence and Rome made Tarentum a municipia
53
First Punic War
happened because Rome was concerned about Carthage control of Sicily. During this war, Rome developed their first navy by capturing Carthaginian warships and replicating it, with the addition of a "raven". Outcome: Sicily, Corscia, Sardinia were made provinces of Rome
54
Second Punic War
happened because Hannibal (Commander of Spain) seeked to expand Carthaginian power so he essentially "began" the war with Rome. Outcome: Hannibal defeated, Punic Spain made a province of Rome
55
Hannibal
Commander of Spain, wanted to expand Carthaginian power/influence
56
Publius Cornelius Scipio “Africanus”
Roman general that defeated Hannibal in war. nicknamed "Africanus" since he won the battle in Africa
57
Macedonian Wars
war against the Kingdom of Macedon under Phillip V.
58
Battle of Pydna
against King Perseus, important because the Roman legion defeated the famous Greek phalanx
59
Third Punic War
war between Carthage and Rome. Rome sacked Carthage and gained the Province of Macedonia
60
Revolt of Achaean League
revolt of the Greek city-states
61
Sack of Corinth
gained Province of Africa and Macedonia. Destroyed Corinth as a warning to other greek city-states to repect roman authority
62
Senatorial Order
networth: 1,000,000 sesterces. To be selected for the Senatorial Order, one had to be wealthy, hold a magistrate position, be a great military leader, or be approved by a censor.
63
Equestrian Order
networth: 400,00 sesterces. To be selected for the Equestrian Order, one had to have fides, be a private patron, be a benefica, or reccomendation from a senator. Equestrians usually did the jobs senators felt like they were too elite to do (publicani, banking, trade, etc.).
64
Patron-client relationship
the wealthy (patron) would give financial support to the client (usually a pleb) in exchange for political support
65
cursus honorum
ladder of offices that a pleb or patrician had to climb
66
Quaestor
(20 required, 30 years old), financial officers
67
Aedile
(4 required, 36 years old), public works officers
68
Praetor
(8 required, 39 year olds), judicial officers
69
Curule magistrates
those in the position of aedile, praetor, consul, censor, or dictator. they were accompanied by lictors with fasces
70
toga praetexta
special purple or red toga that curule magistrates wore to show their position in society
71
Censors
usually ex-consuls, 5 year term, conducted the census and was responsible for public morals and state finances
72
publicani
tax collectors, usually Equestrian order, loaned money to state, collected taxes in provinces, charged state interests and kept overpayments, often extorted from provinces
73
Julius Caesar
Great orator and politician. From prominent Julio-Claudian family and favored by common people. Was elected consul in 59 BC with the support of Crassus and Pompey. Earned command in Gaul, conquered all of central Europe, and even crossed into Britain for a short time.
74
First Triumvirate
Informal alliance between Julius Caesar, Gaius Crassus, and Pompey the great. This alliance helped each member gain influence politically. Crassus and Pompey helped Caesar get elected as Consul. Julius passed legislation for Crassus and Pompey in return: land for Pompey's troops, ratification of Pompey's Eastern settlements, renegotiations for Crassus' tax-farming contracts. Caesar gained command of Gaul. Collapsed when Crassus was killed in Syria (loss of standards; huge embarrassment), when Julia died (Caesar's daughter that was sworn to marry Pompey; no more familial obligation), and when Caesar became too powerful (became a threat to Pompey and the senate).
75
Optimates
followed the traditional oligarchic system, basiclly the senator who wanted everything to stay the same
76
Populares
senators who supported/ sided with people
77
Gaius Marius
Tribune of the Plebs, novus homo. He was a great military leader and did the Marian Military Reform which included a standing professional army, no property qualifications and retirement benefits for veterans.
78
Novus homo
translates to new man, referring to the first man in his family to be on track eligible to become a senator
79
Sulla
leader of the optimates and enemy of Gaius Marius
80
Proscriptions
list of enemies open to muder without reprocussions (Sulla the first one to do this followed by the Second Trumvirate)
81
dictator perpetuus
meaning dictator forever, Julius Caesar named himself this
82
clementia
translates to mercy, Julius Caesar gave this to supporters of Pompey, rather than prosecute them
83
Pact of Brundisium
agreement amongst the three members of the second triumvirate to divide the Roman Empire amongst the three of them. Octavian got Rome and the West, Antony got the East, and Lepidus got Africa
84
Pax Romana
Roman Peace, referring to Augustus's efforts to maintain peace in Rome
85
Princeps
'First Man', similar connotation as older term of Rex, without explicitly saying it
86
maius imperium
"Greater Power"
87
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Two brothers from the plebeian class who tried to solve Rome's problems, such as; corruption in land grants, poverty and landlessness, office of Tribune of Plebians working for the senate, etc. Both brothers put out reforms in hopes to fix some of these issues.
88
The Social War
revolt of Rome's Italian allies caused by exploitation of public land and demand for Roman citizenship.
89
Gaius Crassus
One of Rome's wealthiest men. He defeated the slave revolt of Spartacus and he was on the consul with Pompey, in which he attacked Sulla's reforms.
90
Mark Antony
loyal supporter of Caesar, was consul in 44 BC
91
Octavian
the great nephew of Caesar; he was adopted by Caesar and became Caesar's heir. He became consul and condemned the assassins of Caesar.
92
Lepidus
loyal supporter of Caesar, was in the Second Triumvirate
93
Cleopatra VII
involved with Antony in 41 BC. She and Antony were defeated by Octavian after he declared war against her. She and Antony committed suicide shortly after.
94
Octavia
sister of Octavian, was married to Antony until he divorced her and got involved with Cleopatra VII.
95
Augustus
"revered one"
96
Augustus Prima Porta
statue of Augustus Caesar that depicted him as a military general in an adlocutio pose. Includes cupid on a dolphin to allude to his divine ancestry.
97
Adlocutio
addressing a crowd
98
Ara pacis Augustae
Altar of Augustan Peace. It was commissioned by the Senate to honor Augustus and inaugurate him as pontifex maximus
99
Regia
office of pontifex maximus
100
Forum of Caesar (Forum Julium)
Built by Caesar in 46 BC. It had emphasis on symmetry and included the Temple of Venus Genetrix.
101
Temple of Venus Genetrix
Venus Genetrix is the mother of the hero Aeneas. The temple alludes to the Julian family claims to be descendants of Aeneas
102
Forum of Augustus
Includes portico architecture enclosing the forum, exedras, and the Temple to Mars Ultor
103
Exedra
semicircular structures found in the Forum of Augustus
104
Temple to Mars Ultor
Dedicated after Battle of Philippi (the defeat of the assassins of Caesar) and was related to Venus Genetrix.
105
Augustus
first emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC - 14 AD)
106
Livia
mother of Tiberius, wife of Augustus
107
Tiberius
son of Livia, Augustus' wife, adopted by Augustus. He was not well-liked by the people and he was resistant to his role as emperor.
108
Caligula
Tiberius' grand-nephew, nullified Tiberius' will and killed Gemellius (Tiberius' grandson). He became the third emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. He had a lot of mental instability and was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.
109
Claudius
He stuttered, limped, and was half-deaf so he was deemed unfit for rule. However, he was intelligent and educated and became a generally good emperor and administrator. He was poisoned by his wife/niece Agrippina
110
Agrippina
mother of Nero, poisoned Claudius
111
Nero
last emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. Was very extravagant; built the Golden Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea). The generals revolted against him which led to him committing suicide.
112
Domus Aurea
the Golden Palace of Nero
113
Flavian Dynasty
began by Vespasian. Not aristocratic like the Julio-Claudian Dynasty.
114
Vespasian
the last ruler in the "Year of the Four Emperors." Created the Flavian Dynasty and destroyed the Domus Aurea
115
Colosseum
built by Vespasian after destroying the Domus Aurea
116
Titus
son of Vespasian, became emperor in the Flavian Dynasty. He was apart of the siege of Jerusalem.
117
Domitian
on of Vespasian. He was very paranoid and hated by the people.
118
damnatio memoriae
destruction of statues dedicated to Domitian
119
Trajan
One of the Five "Good" Emperors; provincial origin (he was from Spain)
120
Hadrian
nephew of Trajan by marriage, brilliant administrator
121
Marcus Aurelius
good ruler and philosopher, had problems securing frontier borders
122
Commodus
succeeded Marcus Aurelius (Nero- reincarnated)
123
Septimius Severus
North African, begins new Dynasty

Intro to Ancient Rome (15 decks)

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