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Comps Prep > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Antiphon

A

refers properly to short syllabic pieces that precede and follow a psalm or canticle, but the term is loosely used for longer works of a processional nature as well as for settings of four texts dealing with the Virgin Mary (the Marian Antiphons)

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2
Q

Ballade

A

a prominent Medieval type of chanson, one of the three formes fixes; musical scheme is AAB or AABB

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3
Q

Bar Form

A

an AAB form used frequently in the songs of the Minnesinger and Meistersinger; later used in Lutheran hymns and Bach chorales

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4
Q

Clausula

A

a short section of polyphony in an otherwise monophonic chant

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5
Q

Conductus

A

polyphonic 2-part genre of the ars antiqua

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6
Q

Discant

A

note-against-note counterpoint in the rhythmic modes; usually in contrary motion and mostly in imperfect consonances; all parts move at the same speed

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7
Q

Perfect tempus, greater prolation

A

9/8

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8
Q

Imperfect tempus, greater prolation

A

6/8

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9
Q

Perfect tempus, lesser prolation

A

3/4

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10
Q

Imperfect tempus, lesser prolation

A

2/4

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11
Q

Neumatic

A

an adjective describing a style of performing chant in which two to four notes are often used on one syllable

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12
Q

Organum

A

the earliest form of polyphony; based on chant as cantus firmus

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13
Q

Types of organum

A

parallel (movement in same direction)
free (oblique and/or contrary motion)
melismatic (top voice contains many notes, bottom one)
measured (motion according to rhythmic modes)

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14
Q

Recitation tone

A

a melodic pattern centered on the fifth note of the appropriate church mode; used to intone long liturgical texts such as the Epistle

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15
Q

Rondeau (French)

A

a significant Medieval type of chanson; form ABaAabAB; formes fixes

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16
Q

Sequence

A

a poetic and musical trope added in Medieval times to the Gregorian Alleluia

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17
Q

Trope

A

a textual and/or musical interpolation into the liturgy and its established musical repertory; sequences are tropes

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18
Q

Virelai (French)

A

an important Medieval type of chanson; form AbbaA; formes fixes

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19
Q

Portative organ

A

a portable organ small enough that one player could operate the bellows with the left hand and the keyboard with the right

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20
Q

Air de cour (French)

A

an accompanied French strophic song for one or two voices from the Late Renaissance and Baroque periods

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21
Q

Anthem (English)

A

evolved from the Latin motet after the Reformation; sacred text in English; assumed the role of the motet in English Anglican and Protestant services; simpler, more homophonic than motet

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22
Q

Balletto (Italian)

A

a dance-like vocal piece in homophonic style; principal composer was Giovanni Gastoldi

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23
Q

Canzonetta (Italian)

A

a short composition of the canzona type for voices; light dance-like character

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24
Q

Concertato (Italian)

A

a term derived from concerto and used as an adjective to mean concerto-like with reference to the contrasting instrumental and/or vocal groups in music of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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25
Q

Familiar style

A

a term referring to passages in vocal music sung in chordal or homophonic fashion; contrast learned, contrapuntal style

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26
Q

Madrigalism / Madrigalian

A

the highly developed use of tone-painting in the madrigal, a characteristic that then appeared in both chanson and motet

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27
Q

Motto theme

A

the term refers to a motive that appears at the beginning of several or all of the movements of a Renaissance Mass

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28
Q

Parody

A

the practice of reworking a polyphonic composition (such as a motet or chanson) so that it forms the basis for a Mass

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29
Q

Psalter

A

a book of musical settings for Protestant congregational singing

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30
Q

Service

A

the musical portions of the Anglican liturgy, including the portions from the Mass Ordinary; Short (set syllabically) and Great (contrapuntal)

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31
Q

Verse anthem

A

an anthem which juxtaposed instrumental sections and solo voice sections with full choir

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32
Q

Full anthem

A

an anthem which is written only for choir, a cappella

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33
Q

Villancico (Spanish)

A

a Spanish song of the Renaissance in a form similar to the Italian ballata; three or four voices; also for accompanied solo voice

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34
Q

Arioso (Italian)

A

a type of solo vocal writing that is more song-like than recitative and less formal than aria

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35
Q

Basso seguente

A

a bass part which plays only the lowest notes, regardless of texture

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36
Q

Camerata

A

a small Renaissance academy, the most famous of which met in FLorence about 1580 at the palace of Count Giovanni de’ Bardi; seeking to rediscover the expressive power of Greek music led the group to experiment with Baroque monody

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37
Q

Doctrine of Affections

A

an attempt by Baroque theorists and composers to codify the means of expressing emotions in music by imparting conventional meanings to certain keys, tempi, rhythmic patterns, and even to intervals; once created, melodic figures or motives were then spun-out throughout a movement or section of a piece in accordance with the Baroque musico-dramatic practice of presenting one affection at a tim

38
Q

Ritornello (Italian)

A

a recurring instrumental theme that serves to unify a composition, whether instrumental or vocal

39
Q

Stile concitato (Italian)

A

a style of dramatic expression in which excitement is conveyed by rapid reiteration of single notes, generally in string tremolos

40
Q

Empfindsamer Stil

A

an expressive German style of the early Classical period which relies strongly on changes of mood and dynamics

41
Q

Intermezzo

A

a 17th and 18th c. type of comic opera in 2 parts (e.g. Pergolesi’s “La serva padrona”

42
Q

Minuet

A

an elegant French dance in moderate triple meter; optional in the Baroque suite, it became the standard 3rd movement of the Classical symphony

43
Q

Rondo-form

A

a sectional form featuring one prominent theme set off by contrasting episodes, as in the following pattern: ABACABA. Often found as the clowing movement of a sonata or concerto.

44
Q

Sonatina

A

a short, simple sonata; or, a modification of the sonata-form in which there is no development

45
Q

Style galant

A

a light-textured, elegant style of the early Classical period

46
Q

Absolute music

A

music without extra-musical or programmatic associations

47
Q

Cabaletta

A

the second part of a 19thc double aria, with a faster tempo and requiring greater virtuosity from the singer

48
Q

Cavatina

A

the first part of a 19thc double aria, normally shorter and simpler than the second

49
Q

Cross-rhythm

A

simultaneous use of conflicting rhythmic patterns or accents

50
Q

Leitmotif

A

a theme or motive that represents a character, emotion, idea, or even object. Leitmotifs are used as short, symbolic musical building blocks in the operas of Wagner and later composers.

51
Q

Nationalism

A

characterized by the use of folk-like rhythms and melodies, as in the works of Mussorgsky, Smetana, and others

52
Q

Parlando

A

a style of delivering recitative rapidly with some approximation of speech; features many repeated pitches

53
Q

Thematic transformation

A

considerable variation of a recurring theme, especially of its mood and character; a practice employed often by programmatic composers of the Romantic period (Berlioz’s “Symphonie fantastique”)

54
Q

Third relationship

A

when the roots of adjacent chords are a third apart

55
Q

Dodecaphonic

A

an ambiguous term referring to the use of the 12 chromatic pitches but not making clear how they are being used; often used synonymously with the word serial

56
Q

Expressionism

A

a word borrowed from art history to describe German and Austrian composers of the early 20th century who shared a deeply subjective approach to their craft, most prominently Schoenberg and Berg

57
Q

Musique concrete

A

music made on tape with sounds drawn from nature and man-made noises (including human voices) rather than musical instruments; often altered electronically

58
Q

Alternatim

A

alternation of polyphony and Gregorian chant, usually in sections of music set to verses of Biblical text; a compositional technique seen in settings of many Magnificats during the early decades of the Renaissance era

59
Q

Cantoris

A

the portion of a choral ensemble in an Anglican church that is on the left side (facing the high altar) of the chancel area - the cantor’s side

60
Q

Decani

A

the portion of a choral ensemble in an Anglican church that is on the right side (facing the high altar) of the chancel area - the dean’s side

61
Q

Catch

A

a type of English round set to a humorous or ribald text and scored for 3 male voices

62
Q

Cecilian

A

a reference to St. Cecilia, patron saint of music, and to societies of composers in Germany and Austria during the Romantic era who desired a return of church music to the motet style of Palestrina

63
Q

Chantre ordinaire

A

normal singer in chapels and courts of the French Renaissance and Baroque

64
Q

Collegium musicum

A

a society of amateur musicians, usually in a college or university, that presents regular concerts

65
Q

Concerto della donne

A

an ensemble of women in the court of Ferrara in the mid- and late-16thc; famous for virtuosic performance of madrigals

66
Q

Gebrauchsmusik

A

German for practical or useful music, used to describe compositions in the first half of the 20th century that were harmonically accessible and technically unchallenging and that could be performed by amateurs

67
Q

Haute-contre

A

French term for a male alto or the alto part of a composition to be sung by an adult male

68
Q

Head motif

A

a group of notes, usually from four to six, used as a motto or compositional unifying device at the beginning of the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei portions of masses during the Renaissance era

69
Q

Historicus

A

the evangelist or narrator in an oratorio

70
Q

Intermedi

A

musical interludes for soloists and chorus; performed between acts of spoken plays during the 16th century in Italy

71
Q

Kantorei

A

the singers and instrumentalists in a German chapel, court, or cathedral

72
Q

Lai (p. Lais)

A

monophonic secular song of the Medieval era

73
Q

Lauda

A

a nonliturgical monophonic sacred somposition of the 13th and 14th centuries, generally syllabic and set in verse/refrain format to an Italian text

74
Q

Magnificat

A

a musical setting of the text from Luke 1:46-55; also called “Canticle of the Virgin”

75
Q

Mean

A

a soprano voice part in music of the Renaissance era in England of medium range; lower than the treble part

76
Q

Messe basse solennelle

A

French term for solemn low mass

77
Q

Musica reservata

A

term used during the Renaissance era to describe compositions that set texts in an expressive manner without overt word painting

78
Q

Note nere

A

a style of composition in the Renaissance era characterized by black notes (1/4s and 1/8s), as opposed to white notes (1/2s and wholes); usually seen in Italian madrigals of the latter half of the sixteenth century

79
Q

Oratory

A

Baroque-era building or part of a church where prayer services were held and oratorios were presented

80
Q

Pandiatonic

A

a composition of the 20th century characterized by the use of all eight notes of the diatonic scale in a tonal manner

81
Q

Pantonal

A

a composition of the 20th century characterized by the use of all or most of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale used in a tonal or diatonic manner

82
Q

Pastorale

A

a play that incorporates songs and choruses

83
Q

Precentor

A

the staff member of an Anglican church who is responsible for leading the singing during liturgical services

84
Q

Quodlibet

A

a composition in which multiple preexisting melodies are presented either successively or simultaneously

85
Q

Responsorial

A

the alternation of a soloist(s) and chorus

86
Q

Sepolcra

A

a type of Passion oratorio, generally performed on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday during the Baroque era, with costumes, some acting, and stage scenery consisting of a replica of the holy sepulchre

87
Q

Soggetto cavato

A

Italian for “carved from the words”; a cantus firmus constructed of pitches that correspond to vowels of a name

88
Q

Stile rappresentativo

A

Italian for representative style; used to refer to compositions of the early Baroque era that employ freedom of rhythm, as in recitative, to emulate natural speech patterns

89
Q

Te Deum

A

a musical seeting of the sacred text “Te Deum laudamus, te Dominum confitemur” (We praise thee, O God, we acknowledge thee to be the Lord); usually set in Latin or English for services of thanksgiving, consecration, and other celebratory events

90
Q

Voice exchange

A

(in German, Stimmtausch) - the scoring of two voices of the same vocal ragne that exchange melodic passages during the course of a composition

91
Q

Cheironomy

A

use of hand signals to direct vocal music performance

92
Q

Point of Imitation

A

a section of a polyphonic composition that is based on a single imitative idea

Comps Prep (7 decks)

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