Terms Flashcards
1
Q
What is accismus?
A
Feigning a lack of interest in something while actually desiring it.
Are you accusing me of wanting that? Yes I lowkey do
A pretended, ironic refusal of something that one wants.
2
Q
What do adjectives describe?
A
Nouns and pronouns.
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
3
Q
What is an apostrophe in literature?
A
A device where the writer detaches from reality and addresses some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.
4
Q
Define alliteration.
A
Repetition of initial consonant sounds.
Example: The big bad bear buried bones in the backyard.
5
Q
What is an allusion?
A
A reference to something well-known that exists outside the literary work. • “He was as strong as Hercules!” → (Allusion to Greek mythology)
• “She had a smile like the Mona Lisa.” → (Allusion to a famous painting)
• “This place is a real Wonderland!” → (Allusion to Alice in Wonderland)
6
Q
What does allegory represent?
A
A story in which people or actions represent an idea or generalization about life.
7
Q
What is an anacoluthon?
A
“I warned him that if he continues down that path—well, what’s done is done.”
A sudden shift in sentence structure, often creating an interruption or change in thought.:
The sentence starts as if it will follow a clear structure but then shifts unexpectedly, mimicking natural speech or hesitation.
8
Q
Define analogy.
A
A comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way.
9
Q
Who is the antagonist?
A
A character or group of characters that stand in opposition to the protagonist.
10
Q
What is antithesis?
A
Antithesis – A rhetorical device that contrasts two opposite ideas in a parallel structure.
Example:
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”
— Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
anti like they are against each other
11
Q
List the three types of antonyms.
A
- Gradable Antonyms – Words with opposite meanings that exist on a spectrum.
- Example: Hot ⇄ Cold (can have degrees like warm, cool)
- Complementary Antonyms – Words that are either one or the other, with no in-between.
- Example: Dead ⇄ Alive (you can’t be “partly dead”)
- Relational Antonyms – Pairs where one implies the existence of the other.
- Example: Buy ⇄ Sell (one action depends on the other)
GCR
12
Q
What is anastrophe?
A
YODA’STROPHE
The deliberate changing of normal word order for emphasis. “Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing.”
By flipping the usual order, the phrase feels more mysterious and poetic.
Another simple example:
* Normal: “I will go to the store.”
* Anastrophe: “To the store I will go.”
13
Q
What is an aphorism?
A
An aphorism teaches you something. “Life’s short, eat dessert first.” 🍰deep and to the point
An epigram roasts something (or someone) while sounding smart. “I can resist everything except temptation.” – Oscar Wilde
Epigram = witty
Aphorism = wise
14
Q
Define anticlimax.
A
A rhetorical device defined as a disappointing situation or a sudden transition from an important idea to a trivial one.
15
Q
What does apocalypse refer to?
A
A genre of prophetic writing popular among millenialist early Christians.
16
Q
What is an appositive?
A
A noun or pronoun set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it.
My brother, a talented guitarist, just joined a band.
17
Q
Define archetype.
A
A typical character, action, or situation that represents universal patterns of human nature.
18
Q
What is assonance?
A
Repetition of vowel sounds.
“Hear the mellow wedding bells.” – Edgar Allan Poe
Hear the “eh” sound in mellow and wedding? That’s assonance doing her thing.
19
Q
What is asyndeton?
a-sin-dit-on
A
Commas used to separate a series of words no and
“I came, I saw, I conquered.” – Julius Caesar (no and!)
“Asyndeton = Absence of ‘and’.”
(Also looks a lil like assassin… and it totally kills conjunctions 😎)
20
Q
What is authentic writing?
A
Any writing a student might do for a real-world purpose, other than demonstrating writing ability to a teacher.
21
Q
What is Basque (Euskara)?
A
The only surviving language of Western Europe’s pre-Indo-European past.
Language isolate (no relation to other languages)
Spoken in the Basque Country (Spain & France)
Pre-Indo-European origin
Survived despite Indo-European languages spreading
22
Q
Define bildungsroman.
A
A type of story detailing the education and maturation of a young protagonist.
23
Q
What is blank verse?
A
Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
24
Q
What is a book pass?
A
An instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period.
Speed dating with books
25
What is burlesque?
It's a way of mocking or parodying ideas and conventions by presenting them in an exaggerated, often absurd, manner.
## Footnote
It's like taking something super serious (like a Shakespearean tragedy) and turning it into a comedic mockery—or making a super casual event (like dancing or eating) feel like it's grandiose and epic! 🎭
26
What is a capitonym?
A word that is spelled the same but has a different meaning when capitalized.
27
Define caricature.
A representation where the subject's characteristic features are deliberately exaggerated.
28
What are the types of character?
* Static character
* Dynamic character
* Flat character
* Round character
* Protagonist
* Antagonist
* Foil
29
What is a caesura?
A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.
30
What are the capitalization rules?
Capitalize the first word of a document, proper nouns, and titles used before names.
31
What is a catastrophe in literature?
The tragic denouement in a play, especially a tragedy.
32
Define catharsis.
The cleansing of emotions in literature; a radical change leading to emotional rejuvenation.
33
What is cause and effect in writing?
An organization pattern where actions lead to results.
34
What is a cento?
A poem that has been put together from lines of other poems.
35
Define chronological order in writing.
A pattern where ideas are presented in the order they occurred in time.
36
What is a cinquain?
A short poem consisting of five lines with specific syllable counts.
37
What is a citation in MLA format?
Salinger, J.D. 'The Catcher in the Rye.' New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945.
38
What is a conceit?
A figure of speech that likens two vastly different objects with similes or metaphors.
39
Define cliche.
A worn-out idea or overused expression.
40
What is a clause?
A group of related words containing a subject and a verb.
41
List the types of clauses.
* Dependent
* Independent
* Subordinate
* Adjective
* Restrictive/Non-restrictive
* Elliptical
* Coordinate
* Nominal
42
What is a subordinate clause?
A clause that cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction.
43
What is an adjective clause?
A clause that contains a subject and verb, begins with a relative pronoun, and functions as an adjective.
44
What is the difference between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses?
Nonrestrictive clauses are not essential to the meaning of the sentence and can be removed without changing its basic meaning.
45
What is an elliptical clause?
A clause in which some words have been left out but can be inferred from the context.
46
What is a coordinate clause?
A clause of equal grammatical importance with another clause.
47
What is a nominal clause?
A clause that functions as a noun.
48
What is clustering?
An organizational tool that starts with a single word idea which students build upon.
49
What are cognate words?
Words that are related and have the same origin or root.
50
What is a semicolon used for?
To join independent clauses in compound sentences without conjunctions.
51
What are concentric circles in education?
An exercise encouraging one-on-one communication between students.
52
What is concept mapping?
An instructional strategy requiring learners to identify and graphically represent concepts.
53
What are cognate words?
Words that are related and have the same origin or root word.
54
What is the purpose of a semicolon?
Used to join independent clauses in compound sentences that do not have coordinating conjunctions.
55
What is concentric circles in educational activities?
An effective exercise in agendas where building relationships is important and encourages one-on-one communication.
56
What is concept mapping?
An instructional strategy that requires learners to identify, graphically display, and link key concepts.
57
Define concrete poetry.
Poetry in which the arrangement of words on the page is as important as traditional poetic elements.
58
What is conferencing in writing instruction?
The process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation.
59
What are the types of conflict in literature?
* Physical - Person vs. nature
* Social - Person vs. society
* Person vs. Person
* Internal/Psychological - Person vs. self
* Metaphysical - Person vs. Fate or Deity.
60
What does a subordinating conjunction do?
Connects an independent clause with one or more dependent-subordinate clauses.
61
What is a correlative conjunction?
Conjunctions that always come in pairs and connect words of equal importance.
62
Define connotation.
All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests apart from its explicit meaning.
63
What is consonance?
Repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase.
64
What is a contranym?
A word that can be an antonym of itself.
65
What is closet drama?
A dialogue-based form of literature that reads as a play but is not intended to be performed.
66
What is a couplet in poetry?
A pair of successive lines of verse that rhyme and are the same length.
67
Define creole.
A stable, natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages.
68
What is a dactyl?
A metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.
69
What is denotation?
Literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative meanings.
70
What does denouement refer to?
The resolution of the issue of a complicated plot.
71
What is dialect?
A variation of a language characteristic of a particular group of speakers.
72
Define diction.
A speaker or writer's choice of words.
73
What is discipline-based inquiry?
The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and navigating its parts.
74
How does Foucault define discourse?
Systems of thought composed of ideas, attitudes, and practices that systematically construct subjects and worlds.
75
What are Donald Graves's six writing principles?
* Writing time
* Modeling
* Ownership
* Conferencing
* Revising
* Post writing/publishing.
76
What is the difference between effect and affect?
* Effect = a result of something
* Affect = to produce a change in something.
77
Define parallelism in literature.
Presenting two ideas that are equal in some way, often using similar construction.
78
What is an elegy?
A type of lyric poem which laments the loss of something or someone.
79
What does emendation seek to accomplish?
To restore a text to its most authentic form.
80
What is enjambment in poetry?
Use of a line of poetry whose sense and rhythmic movement continues to the next line.
81
Define epigram.
A short, pithy saying, usually in verse, often with a quick, satirical twist at the end.
82
What is an epiphany in literature?
A moment where a character achieves realization or awareness.
83
What is etymology?
The study of the history and origin of words.
84
Define an epistolary novel.
A novel in letter form written by one or more characters.
85
What does existentialism emphasize?
Personal responsibility and individual existence, freedom, and choice.
86
What is exhortation?
A strong urging or pleading.
87
What is exposition in literature?
A literary device used to introduce background information.
88
What is the Fair Use Doctrine?
Allows teachers to make a limited number of copies of copyrighted works for classroom use.
89
What is faulty parallelism?
When two or more parts of a sentence are not parallel in form.
90
What is faulty predication?
When the subject does not logically fit with the rest of the sentence.
91
What is a figure of speech?
A device used to produce figurative language.
92
Define anaphora.
Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
93
What is chiasmus?
A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed.
94
What is a euphemism?
An inoffensive way of saying something offensive.
95
What is irony in literature?
Use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
96
Define situational irony.
Discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.
97
What is dramatic irony?
Discrepancy between a character's perception and what the audience knows to be true.
98
What is cosmic irony?
Misfortune that is the result of Fate, chance, or deity.
99
Define Socratic irony.
Feigned ignorance of the other's situation to draw knowledge out.
100
What is verbal irony?
Discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.
101
What is litotes?
An understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
102
What is a pun?
A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word.
103
What is understatement?
Deliberately making a situation seem less important than it is.
104
What is the Flesch-Kincaid Formula?
A method to assign a level of difficulty to a text based on syllables and sentence length.
105
What is a frame story?
A main story that organizes a series of shorter stories.
106
What is free verse in poetry?
Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme.
107
What is foreshadowing?
A literary device that gives an advance hint of what is to come later.
108
What is formative assessment?
Assessment used throughout teaching to gauge students' understanding.
109
Define gerund.
A form derived from a verb that functions as a noun, ending in -ing.
110
What are the three types of grammar?
* Descriptive
* Comparative
* Functional.
111
What are graphic organizers?
Visual tools that guide learners' thinking and enhance understanding of subject matter.
112
Define grotesque in literature.
Concerned about distortion and transgression of boundaries, often blending the real and the fantastic.
113
What is hamartia?
The flaw in character that leads to the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy.
114
What is the Harlem Renaissance?
A black literacy and cultural movement from 1920 to 1940.
115
What is the downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy?
Inherent defect or shortcoming in the hero who is otherwise a superior being favored by fortune.
116
What does the term Harlem Renaissance refer to?
A black literacy and cultural movement from 1920 to 1940 that produced works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society.
117
What is holistic scoring?
An impressionistic method that evaluates writing based on the total impression rather than individual aspects.
118
Define homophones.
Words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
119
Define homonyms.
Two words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have different meanings.
120
What are homographs?
Words that are spelled the same way but may have different pronunciations and meanings.
121
What is hyperbole?
Exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.
122
Describe the Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy (IBC).
An organizational method ensuring sufficient supporting details in essays and paragraphs.
123
What is inversion in writing?
A reversal of the usual order of words to achieve emphasis or meter.
124
What is a KWL chart used for?
To document what students know, what they want to know, and what they learned.
125
How many lines does a limerick have?
Five lines.
126
What are the main literary elements?
* Characterization
* Setting
* Tone
* Plot Structure
* Mood
127
What does tone refer to in literature?
The attitude of the author or narrator determined through analysis of stylistic elements.
128
Define logical fallacy.
An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.
129
What is an Ad Hominem fallacy?
An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case.
130
What is the Ad Populum fallacy?
An argument that claims something is true because it is popular.
131
Define ambiguity in the context of logical fallacies.
Using double meanings or ambiguities of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.
132
What is an anecdotal fallacy?
Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument, especially to dismiss statistics.
133
What is the appeal to ignorance fallacy?
Assuming that whatever cannot be proven false must be true.
134
What does the argument from omniscience entail?
An argument that would require omniscience to know about everyone's beliefs or knowledge.
135
What is the appeal to faith fallacy?
Relying on faith as the basis of an argument, without logic or evidence.
136
What does the appeal to nature fallacy suggest?
That something is better simply because it is natural.
137
What is the appeal to tradition fallacy?
Arguing that something should continue because it has traditionally existed.
138
What is the argument to authority fallacy?
Citing an authority figure instead of providing actual evidence for an argument.
139
What is the appeal to consequences fallacy?
Concluding a premise based on whether it leads to desirable or undesirable consequences.
140
What does the appeal to emotion fallacy involve?
Using emotionally charged language to persuade the reader instead of providing a valid argument.
141
What is the argument from adverse consequences fallacy?
Asserting that an argument must be false/true because it would create negative results.
142
What is the Argumentum Ad Baculum fallacy?
An appeal to force that distracts by making the audience afraid of disagreeing.
143
Define the bandwagon fallacy.
Assuming something is good, correct, or desirable simply because it is popular.
144
What is begging the question?
A circular argument where the conclusion is included within the premise.
145
What is a false dilemma fallacy?
Offering a limited number of options when more options are available.
146
What does the burden of proof fallacy entail?
Claiming that the burden of proof lies with someone else to disprove.
147
What is circular reasoning?
Restating the point instead of providing evidence.
148
Define the composition fallacy.
Assuming what's true about one part applies to all or other parts.
149
What is confirmation bias?
Focusing on evidence that supports existing beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts them.
150
What is the confusion of correlation and causation fallacy?
Assuming that correlation proves causation.
151
What is the fallacy fallacy?
Presuming a claim is wrong because it has been poorly argued or contains a fallacy.
152
Define the genetic fallacy.
Judging something based on its origins rather than its merits.
153
What are half-truths in logical fallacies?
Statements that omit facts necessary for an accurate description.
154
What is a hasty generalization?
A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.
155
What are loaded questions?
Questions that contain assumptions, making it impossible to answer without appearing guilty.
156
Define the middle ground fallacy.
Assuming the middle position between two extremes is correct simply because it is the middle position.
157
What is moral equivalence in logical fallacies?
Comparing minor problems with much more serious crimes.
158
What is a non sequitur?
An inference or conclusion that does not follow from established premises or evidence.
159
What does the no true Scotsman fallacy involve?
Dismissing criticisms by excluding specific cases without objective reasoning.
160
Define personal incredulity.
Claiming something isn't true simply because it's difficult to understand.
161
What is post hoc, ergo propter hoc?
Assuming that if 'A' occurred after 'B', then 'B' must have caused 'A'.
162
What is proving non-existence?
Challenging someone to disprove a claim when evidence cannot be provided.
163
What is a red herring?
A diversionary tactic that avoids key issues by changing the subject.
164
What is the reification fallacy?
Treating an abstract belief as if it represents a concrete event.
165
What is the slippery slope fallacy?
Arguing that allowing A will lead to Z through a series of small steps.
166
What does special pleading entail?
Creating exceptions when a claim is shown to be false.
167
What is Special Pleading?
Moving the goalposts to create exceptions when a claim is shown to be false.
## Footnote
A presentation of an argument emphasizing only a favorable aspect of the issue.
168
What is a Straw Man argument?
Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
## Footnote
Oversimplifying an opponent's viewpoint and attacking that weaker argument.
169
What is the Texas Sharpshooter fallacy?
Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument or finding a pattern to fit a presumption.
## Footnote
Example: Claiming sugar drinks are healthy based on selective data.
170
What does Tu Quoque mean?
Avoiding criticism by turning it back on the accuser.
## Footnote
Answering criticism with criticism.
171
Define Use-Mention Error.
Confusing a word or concept with something that supposedly exists.
## Footnote
A common linguistic error.
172
What is a Lyric Poem?
A short poem that expresses personal feelings.
## Footnote
Characterized by brevity and emotional expression.
173
What is Magical Realism?
Describing events realistically but within a magical haze of local customs and beliefs.
## Footnote
A literary genre that incorporates fantastic elements into realistic fiction.
174
What is a Maxi-lesson?
A lesson that involves displaying a draft of writing and asking for suggestions from the class.
## Footnote
Encourages peer feedback and revision.
175
What is Menippean Satire?
A form of storytelling that uses narrative and dialogues to show different points of view.
## Footnote
Often complex and fragmented in nature.
176
Define Melodrama.
An exaggerated reality that appeals to emotions through symbolism and allegory.
## Footnote
Characterized by sensational dramatic pieces.
177
What is a Memoir?
An autobiographical account of one's personal life and experiences.
## Footnote
Based on intimate knowledge and personal observation.
178
What is Metonymy?
A figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else closely associated with it.
## Footnote
Describes something indirectly by referring to related concepts.
179
What is a Motif?
An object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work.
## Footnote
Contributes to the development of theme.
180
Define Metaphor.
A figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two unlike things.
## Footnote
Every metaphor consists of a tenor and a vehicle.
181
What is Mind Mapping?
A visual form of note-taking that offers an overview of a topic and its complex information.
## Footnote
Encourages the expansion of ideas from a central concept.
182
What is Mock Heroic?
A satirical imitation of the heroic manner or style.
## Footnote
Used to satirize unheroic subjects.
183
Define Monologue.
A form of dramatic entertainment by a single speaker.
## Footnote
A prolonged talk or discourse dominating a conversation.
184
What is Morphology?
The study of the structure of words.
## Footnote
Includes concepts like free morphemes.
185
What does Naturalism refer to in literature?
A literary movement based on the belief that human beings do not have a soul apart from their physical existence.
## Footnote
Emphasizes the darker sides of life.
186
What is Chomsky's definition of Performance of Language?
What people actually say, which may not be grammatically correct but conveys meaning.
## Footnote
Differentiates between performance and competence.
187
List the stages of language development according to Chomsky.
* Prelinguistic
* Holophrastic
* Two Word
* Telegraphic
* Intermediate development
* Adult
## Footnote
Stages reflect the progression of language acquisition.
188
What is the Telegraphic Stage in language development?
Period where children may omit syllables and use only essential words, similar to a telegram.
## Footnote
Characterized by brevity in speech.
189
What are the types of nouns?
* Common
* Abstract
* Collective
* Compound
* Concrete
* Non-countable/Mass
* Gender-specific
* Verbal
* Gerunds
## Footnote
Each type serves a different grammatical function.
190
Define common nouns.
Used for a class of person, place, or thing.
## Footnote
Examples include 'dog', 'city'.
191
What are abstract nouns?
Things you cannot see or touch, e.g., bravery, joy.
## Footnote
Represent concepts or ideas.
192
What are collective nouns?
Words used to describe groups, e.g., team, choir.
## Footnote
They refer to multiple entities as a single unit.
193
Define compound nouns.
Nouns made up of more than one word, e.g., court-martial, pickpocket.
## Footnote
Formed by combining two or more words.
194
What are concrete nouns?
Names of things that are tangible.
## Footnote
Can be either proper or common.
195
What are Non-Countable Nouns?
Things you cannot count, e.g., food, music.
## Footnote
Also known as mass nouns.
196
Define Gender-Specific Nouns.
Nouns that are definitely male or female, e.g., boy, vixen.
## Footnote
Reflects biological sex.
197
What are Verbal Nouns?
Nouns derived from verbs, e.g., a building, an attack.
## Footnote
They express actions or states.
198
Define Gerunds.
Nouns that represent actions, e.g., running fast, guessing a number.
## Footnote
Formed from verbs but function as nouns.
199
What are the noun genders?
* Masculine
* Feminine
* Common
* Neuter
## Footnote
These categories indicate the grammatical gender of nouns.
200
Define Novella.
A short narrative, generally between 50 and 100 pages long.
## Footnote
A literary form distinct from a novel and a short story.
201
What is Onomatopoeia?
A word that imitates the natural sounds of a thing.
## Footnote
Enhances descriptive language through sound effects.
202
What is meant by Order of Importance?
Information is given from least to most important or vice versa.
## Footnote
Also known as hierarchical order.
203
Define Orthography.
The relationship between spelling and pronunciation.
## Footnote
A method of representing sounds with written symbols.
204
What is an Oxymoron?
A figure of speech that combines contradictory terms, e.g., jumbo shrimp.
## Footnote
Creates a paradoxical effect.
205
What is Overstatement?
Also called hyperbole; a type of verbal irony involving exaggeration.
## Footnote
Used to emphasize a point.
206
Define Paradox.
A statement that appears self-contradictory but may include a latent truth.
## Footnote
Used to provoke thought and challenge beliefs.
207
What are the Parts of Speech?
* Nouns
* Verbs
* Pronouns
* Adverbs
* Adjectives
* Prepositions
* Conjunctions
* Interjections
* Articles
* Determiners
## Footnote
Fundamental categories in grammar.
208
Define Determiner in grammar.
A subclass of words that limit nouns, including articles and possessive words.
## Footnote
Examples: the, a, my, some.
209
What is Parallelism in grammar?
Using components in a sentence that are grammatically similar.
## Footnote
Adds balance and rhythm to writing.
210
What is Pastiche?
Using the form or style of another author as a tribute.
## Footnote
Imitates other works in literature or music.
211
Define Peroration.
The concluding part of a speech intended to inspire enthusiasm.
## Footnote
Often includes a call to action.
212
What is Persona in literature?
A voice or assumed role of a character representing the writer's thoughts.
## Footnote
It acts as a mouthpiece for the author.
213
What is Personification?
A figure of speech giving human attributes to non-human objects.
## Footnote
Creates relatable imagery in writing.
214
Define Phonetics.
The study of sounds of language and their physical properties.
## Footnote
Focuses on how sounds are produced and perceived.
215
What is Phonology?
The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect.
## Footnote
Investigates sound patterns and systems.
216
Define Picaresque.
A type of fiction dealing with the adventures of a roguish protagonist.
## Footnote
Often episodic and humorous in nature.
217
What is Pidgin Language?
A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between groups without a common language.
## Footnote
No native speakers; serves as a bridge language.
218
What is a Plot in literature?
Events that make up a story and relate to each other in a sequence.
## Footnote
Key elements include exposition, conflict, climax, and resolution.
219
Define Pragmatics.
The role of context in the interpretation of meaning.
## Footnote
Involves understanding social language rules.
220
What was the Pre-Raphaelite Movement?
Sought to bring sensuality back into poetry using lush sounds and descriptions.
## Footnote
Aimed for emotional depth and beauty.
221
What does Process Writing entail?
Learning to write by writing; encourages communication of written messages while developing literary skills.
## Footnote
Focuses on active involvement in the writing process.
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Define Prosody.
The study of the elements of poetry, including rhyme, rhythm, meter, and stanza form.
## Footnote
Essential for understanding poetic structure.
223
What is elite movement in poetry?
Sought to bring sensuality back into poetry by using lush vowel sounds and sensuous description.
224
What is process writing?
Learning to write by writing; encourages students to communicate their written messages while developing literary skills.
225
Define prosody.
Study of the elements of poetry - rhyme, rhythm, meter, and stanza form.
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What is a quatrain?
Type of stanza or complete poem consisting of four lines.
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What does Reader Response Theory focus on?
Focuses on the reader and their interpretation of written works.
228
What is recension?
The selection of the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text after researching all possible material.
229
What is reciprocal teaching?
Occurs when dialogue takes place between the students and the teacher, with participants taking turns assuming the role of the teacher.
230
What is a refrain in poetry?
The repetition of a line or phrase at the end of several stanzas of a poem.
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What is regionalism?
A word or phrase used by a population in a particular region.
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What does the mnemonic device RENNS stand for?
Reason, Examples, Names, Numbers, Senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch).
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What is a rhyme scheme?
A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem.
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What is internal rhyme?
Occurs within a single line of poetry rather than from line to line.
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Define iambic pentameter.
A metrical pattern in poetry consisting of five iambic feet per line.
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What is an anapest?
A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable.
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What is a trochee?
A foot with two syllables, with the first stressed and the second unstressed.
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Define masculine and feminine rhyme.
Masculine rhyme uses one syllable words for strength; feminine rhyme uses two or more syllables for softness.
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What is rhyme royal?
A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines (iambic pentameter), rhyming ABABBCC.
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What is a roman a' clef?
Novels using characters based on real people and events in fictional guise.
241
Define rondeau.
A 15 line poem made up of three stanzas, each with 8-10 syllables.
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What is sarcasm?
To speak bitterly; a form of mockery intended to amuse and hurt.
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What is scansion?
Describing the rhythms of poetry by dividing lines into feet and marking stressed and unstressed syllables.
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What is satire?
Technique employed to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption using humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule.
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What is the role of second language learners?
They monitor their new language skills by applying their understanding of grammar to edit and structure sentences.
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What is self-regulated strategy development?
An instructional method that includes building background knowledge and supporting the practice of strategies until students can use them independently.
247
Define semantics.
The study of linguistic meaning and the relationship between words, phrases, signs, or symbols and what they stand for.
248
What are the types of sentences?
Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex.
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What is a simple sentence?
Contains only one independent clause.
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What is a compound sentence?
Contains at least two independent clauses joined together by a conjunction.
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What is a complex sentence?
Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
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What is a compound-complex sentence?
Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
253
Define spatial order.
Relating to space; describes spatial relationships using words like 'next to' and 'adjacent'.
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What is a soliloquy?
A popular literary device used in drama to reveal a character's innermost thoughts.
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What is a sestet?
A stanza or poem of six lines.
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Define sprung rhythm.
Form of accentual meter where the number of stressed syllables in a line is fixed.
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What is a Spenserian stanza?
Developed by Edmund Spenser, consists of nine lines: eight in iambic pentameter followed by one in iambic hexameter.
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What are the stages of the writing process?
Pre-writing, writing/drafting, revising, editing, publishing, evaluating.
259
What happens in the pre-writing stage?
Brainstorming to make topic lists using graphic organizers.
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What occurs in the writing/drafting stage?
Organizing ideas into a rough draft without focusing on precision.
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What is revising?
Adding or omitting information to clarify the paper.
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What happens in the editing stage?
Correcting details regarding capitalization, punctuation, and grammar.
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What is the publishing stage?
The finished, polished product, ready to turn in.
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What occurs in the evaluating stage?
Self-evaluation of the author's work and audience evaluation of effectiveness.
265
What is Steven Krashen's theory of second language acquisition?
Includes cognitive, expressive, and receptive parts; utilizes acquire and learned systems.
266
Define stock character.
A character quickly recognized and accepted by the reader, requiring no development.
267
What is a strophe?
A rhythmic system composed of two or more lines repeated as a unit; synonymous with 'stanza'.
268
Define stream of consciousness.
A method of narration that describes the flow of thoughts in the minds of characters.
269
What are summative assessments?
Evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit against a standard.
270
What is a symbol in literature?
A literary device that represents several layers of meaning beyond its literal sense.
271
Define syntax.
The arrangement of words within a sentence.
272
What is syllepsis?
Use of a single word in two different senses at once.
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What is synecdoche?
A literary device in which a part represents the whole or vice versa.
274
Define terza rima.
A verse form composed of iambic tercets with an interlocking rhyme scheme.
275
What is a top-down approach in linguistics?
Analyzing a language starting with larger structures before studying smaller components.
276
What is traditional phonics instruction?
Students are taught individual letter sounds first, then combinations and rules.
277
What is trochaic pentameter?
A line with five trochaic feet or stresses.
278
What are infinitive verbs?
The most basic form of a verb, usually preceded by 'to'.
279
What is webbing?
A brainstorming method that provides structure for ideas and facts.
280
What is whole language instruction?
Students are immersed in written language and encouraged to decode whole words using context clues.
281
What are the types of writing activities?
* Personal
* Workplace
* Subject
* Creative
* Persuasive/Argumentative
* Scholarly
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What is personal writing?
Expressing innermost thoughts and feelings through journals, diaries, and personal essays.
283
What does workplace writing include?
Preparing resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters.
284
What is subject writing?
Writing interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of a subject.
285
What is creative writing?
Opportunity to play with language, express emotions, and articulate stories.
286
What is persuasive/argumentative writing?
Learning strategies to persuade others, including writing editorials and advertisements.
287
What is scholarly writing?
Essays, research papers, and biographies prevalent in middle or secondary classrooms.
288
What is a writer's workshop?
An opportunity for students to try various genres and develop a love of writing.
289
What are written retellings?
Reading a text and writing down all they can remember.
290
What is the role of the teacher in a writer's workshop?
The teacher acts as a coach, leading, teaching, modeling, and encouraging student writers.
291
What are written retellings?
A technique where students read a text and write down all they can remember to organize and analyze data.
292
What is Zeugma?
A figure of speech where a word applies to more than one noun, blending grammatically and logically different ideas.
293
What is the purpose of portfolios in education?
To monitor progress over time, give students ownership, and provide authentic evidence of progress.
294
What is the easiest revision operation for beginning writers?
Adding information is the easiest revision operation.
295
What does expository discourse aim to do?
It attempts to explain or describe something.
296
List the types of pronouns.
* Personal
* Indefinite
* Demonstrative
* Interrogative
* Possessive
* Reciprocal
* Relative
* Reflexive
* Intensive
297
What is miscue analysis?
The study of how a student's oral reading differs from the printed text to understand reading strategies.
298
What is an octave in a Shakespearean sonnet?
The first eight lines of a sonnet where an idea is often introduced.
299
What is a narrative hook?
A device that draws the reader's attention to keep them reading.
300
What is the technique of Read-Share-Write?
Students read for comprehension, discuss, and record their understanding to internalize information.
301
What does 'in media res' mean?
A term describing a story that begins in the middle of the action.
302
What are the three main themes in literature?
* Survival of the fittest
* The picaresque/journey
* The reversal of fortune
303
What is a transitive verb?
A verb used in a sentence that names the receiver of the action.
304
What is 'incluing' in storytelling?
Gradually exposing the reader to background information about the story's world.
305
What is infodumping?
Putting a concentrated amount of background information into a story all at once.
306
What are kennings?
Phrases that are an elaborative and indirect way of naming nouns, often used in poetry.
307
What is a sonnet?
A poem of fourteen lines that uses a specific rhyme scheme.
308
Fill in the blank: The term ______ is the linguistic term for the name or title of the person that you actually say when you address him or her.
Direct address
309
What is a directive sentence?
A sentence that requests someone to do something.
310
What is a fishbone organizer?
A tool for illustrating cause and effect with the result on a straight line and causes branching off.
311
What did surrealists attack?
False rationality and restrictive customs and structures.
312
What does existentialism emphasize?
Individual existence, freedom, and choice.
313
What does tone refer to in writing?
The attitude of a writer as expressed in word choice or other rhetorical elements.
314
What are nymphs in Greek mythology?
Maidens that always take the form of young women.
315
True or False: Transitions are unnecessary during the conclusion paragraph.
True
316
What is the structure of a typical newspaper article?
Organized as an inverted pyramid, with the most substantial information at the beginning.
317
What is a direct quote?
Quoting directly from an article word for word exactly as the author wrote it.
318
What is an indirect quote?
Information from a source that is reworded or paraphrased by the writer.
319
What was the Great Vowel Shift?
A transition from Middle English to Modern English completed in the 16th century.
320
What is past perfect tense?
Indicates an earlier action that is mentioned in a later action.
321
What does present progressive tense indicate?
Indicates continuing action, something going on now.
322
What is present tense?
A verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking.
323
What does future perfect tense indicate?
Completed action in the future.
324
What does future progressive tense describe?
An ongoing action that takes place in the future.
325
What is the definition of 'Jovial'?
A cheerful, happy, or friendly tone.
326
Define 'Reverent'.
A tone of deep respect or awe.
327
What does 'Scornful' mean?
A tone of contempt or disdain.
328
What is 'Assonance'?
Repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words (e.g., 'lake' and 'fate') for rhythm or mood.
329
What are 'Functional Texts'?
Everyday writings like manuals, recipes, or forms meant for practical use.
330
What is a 'Socratic Seminar'?
A discussion method where students explore a text through open-ended questions and dialogue.
