Teaching and Writing Flashcards
What is the purpose of assessment in the language arts classroom?
Assessment should be an ongoing part of the instructional process and not just an event at the end of a unit.
What is a universal screener?
A universal screener gathers data on all students, typically to group them into intervention groups.
What is a diagnostic assessment?
A diagnostic assessment, or pre-assessment, identifies students’ specific strengths and weaknesses.
What distinguishes informal assessments from formal assessments?
Informal assessments are flexible and occur throughout instruction, while formal assessments are planned ahead with set scoring guidelines.
What are formative assessments used for?
Formative assessments are used for learning and to guide instruction by assessing students’ progress toward meeting a learning objective.
What do summative assessments measure?
Summative assessments gauge instruction by determining if students have mastered a learning objective.
What is the difference between criterion-referenced and norm-referenced assessments?
Criterion-referenced assessments compare performance to a predetermined standard, while norm-referenced assessments compare students to each other.
What is progress monitoring?
Periodic assessments given to track student growth toward a specific goal or objective.
What is a performance-based assessment?
An assessment where students apply knowledge or skills to complete a process or create a product, typically requiring high-order thinking.
What is an exit slip?
A short response completed and submitted at the end of a lesson.
True or False: Summative assessments can be both formal and criterion-referenced.
True
What are some ways to support English Language Learners (ELLs) during instruction?
Support can include visuals, vocabulary lists, gestures, props, and pre-teaching key terms.
What is the purpose of scaffolding for ELLs?
To provide comprehensible input and support language acquisition along with content learning.
What are analytic rubrics?
Rubrics that assess each part of an assignment individually, grading multiple categories separately.
What are holistic rubrics?
Rubrics that evaluate the quality of the piece as a whole with one general score.
What are some reasons for student reluctance in reading and writing?
Reasons can include lack of background knowledge, unfamiliar vocabulary, cultural bias, or lack of interest.
How can teachers support reluctant readers and writers?
By sharing reading experiences, assisting in book selection, and providing relevant texts.
What are the three major factors to consider when selecting texts for students?
- Reader variables * Purpose * Complexity
What are reader variables?
Factors that impact a student’s ability to comprehend a text, such as attention span and prior knowledge.
What is the significance of conducting an interest survey?
It helps match students with texts they are interested in.
What is the role of a reading assessment?
To determine each student’s reading level and ability.
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a collection of student work to show growth over time.
[portfolio]
What is the goal of providing comprehensible input to ELLs?
To ensure the information can be understood despite language barriers.
True or False: Students should receive different content from their peers.
False
What are motivational strategies for reluctant readers and writers?
- Sticker charts * Relevant texts * Rewards for completing novels
What is the purpose of using technology with reluctant readers?
To research and engage with the text more effectively.
What types of books do students enjoy reading?
Books that align with their interests and themes
Teachers can use this information to guide instructional reading choices
What is a Learning Inventory?
An assessment that determines a student’s learning style
Styles include visual, auditory, kinesthetic, linguistic, logical, interpersonal, or intrapersonal
Why is it important for teachers to know a student’s independent reading level?
To select appropriate texts for instruction
Understanding comfortable vs. challenging reading levels aids in effective teaching
How can pairing students improve reading skills?
Lower-level readers gain confidence and skills from higher-level partners
What is Shared Reading?
A practice where all students take turns reading a text aloud
This method helps build confidence and reduces cognitive load
What are Literature Circles?
Small groups where students read and analyze texts based on interest and ability
Each member has a specific role, enhancing engagement and understanding
What is Differentiation in after-reading assessments?
Varying assessments by content, process, or product to meet diverse student needs
What are Task Menus?
Assignments that provide students with choices to demonstrate mastery of content
What is the purpose of Student Reflections?
To encourage students to think about their learning and reading experiences
What are key factors for effective writing feedback?
Balanced, specific, and timely feedback
Why should feedback be balanced?
To highlight both strengths and areas for improvement, encouraging student growth
What does specific feedback entail?
Clear guidance on what is right or wrong and actionable next steps
What is the significance of timely feedback?
Students need time to apply feedback before moving on to new tasks
How can teachers provide writing feedback?
In both verbal and written forms, using rubrics and examples
Providing clear guidance helps students understand expectations
What is a Writing Conference?
An individual meeting to discuss a student’s draft and provide personalized feedback
What is metacognition in writing instruction?
Thinking about one’s own thinking to enhance self-awareness and writing skills
What are the benefits of Self-Assessment?
- Metacognition
- Ownership
- Improved Writing
What are effective Self-Assessment Strategies?
- Rubrics
- Focused Reviews
- Writing Exemplars
- Annotation
- Writing Portfolios
What is the benefit of Peer Assessment?
Provides different perspectives and fosters collaboration among students
What are Peer Assessment Strategies?
- Clear Expectations
- Respectful Feedback
- Focused Reviews
What activities can enhance Peer Assessment?
- Assign revision roles
- Create revision stations
- Gallery walks for feedback
What activities can be used to assess writing?
- Revising a peer’s writing
- Developing scoring guidelines
- Self-assessing with rubrics
- Reading aloud
- Practicing different writing styles
What is a rubric?
A scoring guide based on multiple criteria for evaluating writing
What criteria are commonly used in writing rubrics?
- Ideas
- Organization
- Voice
- Word Choice
- Sentence Fluency
- Conventions
How can portfolios be used in writing assessment?
To track student progress and reflect on their writing achievements
What is the purpose of identifying Author Attitude?
To understand the author’s feelings and perspectives in a text
What are common question stems for identifying Author Attitude?
- Contains ‘attitude’ directly
- Describes the author’s feelings
- Predicts the author’s thoughts
What should you analyze to determine Author Attitude?
Descriptive vocabulary and its connotation
What factors affect the intended Audience of a text?
- Vocabulary level
- Complexity of organization
- Amount of information presented
What are modes of rhetoric?
Purposes of communication in writing, such as narration, description, exposition, and argumentation
What is the goal of persuasive techniques?
To convince the reader of the author’s opinion
What are some common persuasive techniques?
- Addressing Audience
- Rhetorical Appeals
- Evidence
What is the goal of a persuasive technique?
To convince the reader that the author’s opinion is correct.
Define ‘Addressing Audience’ in persuasive writing.
Text written as though it is ‘speaking’ directly to the reader.
What are Rhetorical Appeals?
Using the audience’s interests or desires to convince them of a certain point of view.
Give an example of Rhetorical Appeals.
People attending a nutrition conference could be convinced to try a product that will ‘make them healthy,’ is ‘free of artificial ingredients,’ etc.
What is meant by ‘Evidence’ in persuasive writing?
Using facts, statistics, or other reputable information to support the argument.
What is Emotional Language?
A wide category where the author may create rapport and trust.
How can Humor be used in persuasive writing?
By making jokes or using language to feel more like the audience’s ‘friend.’
What does Negativity refer to in persuasive techniques?
Using harsh or attacking language to belittle the opposing side.
Define ‘Inclusive/Exclusive’ in persuasive writing.
Bringing the audience in by grouping them together or separating the others.
What are Positive or Negative Connotations?
Utilizing the connotation of a word to influence opinion.
Provide an example contrasting Negative and Positive Connotations.
The vet murdered my dog (negative) vs. The vet euthanized my dog (more positive).
What is Figurative Language?
Authors may use any number of figurative language devices to emphasize their points.
What is a Rhetorical Question?
A question that is not meant to be answered, because the correct answer is obvious.
What is Repetition in persuasive writing?
Repeating words or phrases to call attention to their importance.
How can one identify Persuasive Techniques?
Recognize that the word persuasive tends to appear directly.
What is the purpose of the process of elimination in identifying persuasive techniques?
To determine the best choice among options.
What is an example of a Straw Man Fallacy?
Person A says the United States should legalize marijuana. Person B uses a straw man fallacy to argue that legalizing all illegal drugs will lead to more crime.
What is Logos in persuasive writing?
Logical statements.
Define Ethos.
Credibility of the speaker.
Define Pathos.
Emotion.
What is an anecdote?
A personal story used as evidence for an argument.
What is an Ellipsis?
Leaving out part of the sentence or idea and allowing the audience to fill in the rest.
What is foreshadowing?
The narrator or character hints at a future plot point.
What is Symbolism?
When an object stands for something larger than itself.
What is Satire?
The use of humor or exaggeration to critique human nature or a character.
Define Irony.
An incongruity between what the reader expects the author to mean and what they actually mean.
What are the three types of Irony?
- Verbal irony
- Situational irony
- Dramatic irony
What is an Understatement?
When the author minimizes a significant point for effect.
What is a logical fallacy?
An error in reasoning that undermines an argument.
What is the Bandwagon fallacy?
Claiming that ‘everyone has this item’ or ‘everyone is making a particular choice.’
Define Equivocation.
When two different things are called the same name, shifting meaning as the argument progresses.
What is Ad hominem?
An argument directed toward a person’s character instead of their position.
Who is the best candidate for Senate according to the text?
Sha Jones
Sha Jones has the most supporters out of everyone on the ballot.
What is equivocation in arguments?
When two different things are called the same name and the words shift meaning as the argument progresses.
Provide an example of equivocation.
My toddler is a headache. Tylenol makes a headache go away. Therefore, Tylenol will make my toddler go away.
What is an ad hominem argument?
An argument directed toward a person’s character instead of their position or topic.
Provide an example of ad hominem.
A candidate responds to a healthcare reform question by criticizing the moderator’s health.
What does a false analogy/causation imply?
Assuming that because two things happened together, one caused the other.
Provide an example of a false analogy.
The local private school has better teachers than the local public school because 100% of students in private school get into college.
What is a hasty generalization?
Making a claim without enough evidence to support it, often due to a small sample size.
Provide an example of hasty generalization.
A person decides that everyone at a school is rude after being ignored by the secretary.
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
Insisting that a minor action will lead to a long chain of negative events.
Fill in the blank: A slippery slope fallacy has a set structure: If we allow ______, then _____ will happen.
[minor action], [negative consequence].
What is a red herring in an argument?
An irrelevant point inserted to distract from the main issue.
Provide an example of a red herring.
A mother tells her daughter that there are starving kids in the world to dismiss her lunch table problems.
What is the straw man fallacy?
Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
Provide an example of the straw man fallacy.
A Senator misinterprets the Vice President’s budget cut proposal as wanting to eliminate disaster relief.
What is a post hoc fallacy?
Arguing that something is a consequence of another event that occurred before it.
Provide an example of post hoc fallacy.
My basketball team started winning after I bought new shoes.
What does the ergo propter hoc fallacy imply?
A conclusion made without factual basis, where the argument appears logical but is flawed.
Provide an example of ergo propter hoc fallacy.
Children with larger shoe sizes have better penmanship.
What is the purpose of identifying author logic?
To recognize the foundational beliefs of the author based on their arguments.
Identify the assumption in the argument for consuming raw fruits and vegetables.
Everyone has easy access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
What are the three levels of point of view?
First person, Second person, Third person.
What pronouns are used in the first person point of view?
I, we, me, myself, us, our.
What is the third person limited point of view?
A narrator outside the story with limited access to characters’ thoughts.
What is the third person omniscient point of view?
A narrator outside the story who knows the thoughts and motivations of all characters.
What are the three general purposes of mass media?
- Social
- Commercial
- Political
What is a realized user image in advertising?
Recognizing who someone is and suggesting they fit the consumer role that the product fills.
What is a bandwagon fallacy?
Suggesting that the majority’s opinion or preference is valid.
Provide an example of a bandwagon fallacy.
Four out of five people prefer lemon-lime soap.
What is desired user image in advertising?
Playing on the types of people viewers want to be and how a product will help them achieve that.
What are some design elements to analyze in media?
- Symbols
- Shapes
- Color
- Composition
- Perspective
- Content
What is important when analyzing political cartoons?
Understanding the historical context and assessing how individual parts create meaning.
What is the purpose of advertisements in relation to user images?
To help consumers achieve a desired user image by presenting relatable scenarios and product solutions.
What are snob appeals in advertising?
Arguments that appeal to people’s desire to elevate their status.
Give an example of a snob appeal in advertising.
Commercials showing men using body spray getting attention from women.
What is a common theme in deodorant advertisements?
Featuring women in powerful career positions to associate the product with success.
How do car commercials typically use snob appeals?
By featuring beautiful women to suggest that car ownership enhances attractiveness.
What do television ads for game-day parties imply?
That owning the advertised product leads to social gatherings and popularity.
What message do pain-reliever ads often convey?
That using their medication allows you to enjoy an active, healthy lifestyle.
What phrases do some advertisements use to create exclusivity?
Phrases like ‘Don’t be the kind of person who buys…’ or ‘Don’t trust other companies who…’
What are the three main rhetorical appeals in advertising?
Appeals to Authority, Emotional Appeals, and Logical Appeals.
What is an appeal to authority?
Using someone’s status or expertise to persuade an audience.
How are appeals to authority effective?
When the audience perceives the speaker as credible and knowledgeable.
Provide an example of an appeal to authority in advertising.
A toothpaste company claiming their product is the most recommended by dentists.
What are emotional appeals in advertising?
Persuasion through strong language that evokes feelings in the audience.
What kind of language do emotional appeals often use?
Loaded words with strong positive or negative connotations.
How do animal welfare advertisements typically use emotional appeals?
By showing ill animals to evoke sympathy and encourage donations.
What are logical appeals in advertising?
Persuasion using figures, graphs, statistics, or studies.
How are logical appeals most effective?
When they provide clear, unbiased evidence.
Provide an example of a logical appeal in advertising.
A cleaner claiming to remove 99% more germs than competitors.
What other forms of persuasion do advertisements use?
Testimonials from users about the product’s benefits.
What is the purpose of testimonials in advertising?
To convince viewers that a product or service is desirable.
What is the main challenge students face in persuasive writing assignments?
Identifying counterarguments and using evidence to support their views.
In persuasive or argumentative writing, what is the goal of the student?
To convince the reader that their opinion is ‘right’.
What types of sources should students use to support their arguments?
- Primary documents
- Professional research
- Unbiased data
What are rhetorical devices in persuasive writing?
Techniques used to make a point, including ethical, emotional, and logical appeals.
Define ‘Repetition’ as a rhetorical device.
Repeating words or phrases to call attention to their importance.
What is ‘Anaphora’ in writing?
The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of sentences or clauses.
Give an example of an anecdote in persuasive writing.
A short retelling of a story to emphasize or reinforce a point.
What is ‘Alliteration’?
A sound device where the same beginning sound appears in many words near each other.
What does ‘Allusion’ refer to in persuasive writing?
A reference to something outside the text that the audience is expected to recognize.
How can emotional language enhance persuasive writing?
By generating rapport and trust with the audience.
What is a ‘Rhetorical Question’?
A question not meant to be answered because the answer is obvious.
What is the first step of prewriting in persuasive writing?
Determine a position on the argumentative prompt.
Why is analyzing the audience important in persuasive writing?
It ensures clarity and effectiveness in communication.
What should students consider about their audience when writing?
- Demographics
- Interests
- Prior knowledge
What is a T-chart used for in the research process?
To show two sides of an issue.
What is the purpose of anticipating counterclaims?
To strengthen arguments by addressing opposing perspectives.
What is the structure of an argumentative essay outline?
- Introduction
- Body Paragraphs
- Counterargument
- Rebuttal
- Conclusion
What should the introduction of an argumentative essay include?
The topic, background, and thesis statement.
What does the body of an argumentative essay present?
Supporting arguments and pieces of evidence.
What is the goal of a rebuttal in an essay?
To respond to counterarguments with evidence and reasoning.
Why is editing and revising important in persuasive writing?
To ensure alignment with the audience’s perspectives and enhance persuasiveness.
What are the basic steps of the research process?
- Develop a question
- Locate credible sources
- Create notes
- Organize information
What is a credible source?
A source that can be trusted and backed up with evidence.
What should be assessed to determine a source’s credibility?
- Author
- Key claims
- Source publication
- Publication date
What is ‘Copyright’?
The exclusive rights to an item given to the creator.
What is ‘Attribution’ in research?
Acknowledging the owner of a work.
What is the difference between quoting and paraphrasing?
- Quoting: Using exact words with credit
- Paraphrasing: Restating information in one’s own words with credit
What is plagiarism?
Using someone else’s work without proper citation.
What elements are typically included in a citation?
- Author’s Name
- Text Title
- Date of Publication
- Publishing Company
- Page Numbers
- URL and Date of Access
What is the MLA format for citing a book?
Author’s Last name, First Name. Title. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication date.
What is necessary for in-text citations?
Author’s last name and page number or article title if no author is listed.
What should a complete citation for a novel look like?
Author’s Last name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year.
What is the purpose of an in-text citation?
To reference the listings in the works cited.
What is the importance of using multiple sources in research?
To ensure research is well-rounded and unbiased.
What is the purpose of in-text citations?
To credit the source and avoid plagiarism.
In-text citations are set off from the writer’s work with parentheses.
What is paraphrasing?
Putting something that was read, heard, or viewed into your own words.
When can in-text citations be skipped?
If the information is considered ‘common knowledge’.
What are primary sources?
Documents created during the time under study, often first-hand accounts of events.
Examples include autobiographies, letters, diary entries, interviews, and official records.
What are secondary sources?
Documents created after the time under study, often using primary sources for analysis.
Examples include textbooks, scholarly articles, and biographies.
What is the main advantage of using primary sources?
They provide unique insights into the time period or event in question.
What is a disadvantage of primary sources?
They may include biased interpretations from the author.
What is the benefit of secondary sources?
They provide a combination of multiple perspectives and the ‘big picture’ of an event.
What is a disadvantage of secondary sources?
They lack the human or personal element found in primary sources.
What are some types of group discussions in ELA lessons?
One-on-One, Teacher-Led, Small-Group, Think-Pair-Share, Listening Triangle, Jigsaw, Socratic Seminar, Fishbowl Discussion.
Fill in the blank: In a Jigsaw discussion, students first gather in _______ groups to discuss assigned topics.
matching
What is the purpose of establishing clear guidelines for group work?
To maximize student participation and success.
What roles can be assigned to individual group members?
- Leader
- Note-taker
- Scheduler
- Researcher
- Teacher-liaison
What is an effective strategy to encourage participation in group work?
Provide templates or sentence stems to guide discussion.
What are some factors that contribute to successful group dynamics?
- Group Size
- Group Composition
- Cultural Factors
What does the term ‘conflict resolution strategies’ refer to?
Methods to address disagreements during group work.
List some oral presentation skills.
- Volume
- Articulation
- Rate
- Audience engagement
- Gestures
- Eye Contact
- Purpose and message
- Tone
What should be emphasized when creating visual aids for presentations?
Clarity and relevance.
What is the principle of ‘less is more’ in presentation design?
Simplicity in design enhances audience understanding.
What are some effective uses of technology in writing instruction?
- Collaborative writing tools
- Digital storytelling websites
- Grammar and style tools
- Plagiarism checkers
What is the importance of monitoring the effectiveness of technology tools in the classroom?
To ensure they enhance writing and do not replace essential teacher and peer review.
What are the two categories of media based on purpose?
- Persuasive
- Informational
What is essential to monitor and assess in the classroom related to technology?
The effectiveness of technology tools
What limitations do editing software programs have in writing?
They don’t always catch every grammatical error and can’t revise for content or clarity
What types of media are used for persuasive purposes?
- Commercials
- Political ads
- Newspaper ads
- Editorial cartoons
What types of media are classified as informational?
- News programs
- Newspapers
- Magazines
- Documentaries
What type of media is primarily for entertainment?
- Movies
- Television programs
- Computer games
- Electronic games
What is an example of educational media?
Teaching skills with computer programs or educational TV programs
Why should students be exposed to multiple types of visual media?
To understand different techniques used by media to convey meaning
What is a way to compare how information is presented in different media?
Comparing an article with a news segment on the same topic
What is one purpose of pairing graphs or images with articles?
- Provide additional supporting details or evidence for the main idea
- Contrast the information in the article
- Represent one component of the text in greater detail
What should you determine when answering questions that involve text and graphics?
The main idea of the text and the purpose of the graphic
True or False: Early navigators used accurate maps for sea navigation.
False
What tools did early sailors use for navigation?
- Quadrant
- Compass
- Time-keeping devices
- Maps
What is the main idea of the passage regarding early sea explorers?
Early sea explorers used tools for navigation
What did early maps used by sailors often lack?
Accuracy
What is media literacy?
Analyzing the messages of different media types and how content and design elements contribute to them
What are some activities to integrate media into ELA lessons?
- Creating multimedia presentations
- Creating commercials
- Recording podcasts
- Drafting social media content
- Designing logos
- Incorporating digital graphics
- Developing websites or blogs
What should be established when students create media?
Clear guidelines for assessing them
What is important for students to understand regarding their online activities?
Their digital footprints
What should teachers do before publishing student images or works online?
Involve parents and get permission
What should technology projects in the classroom serve?
Meeting standards and goals for student development
What should students have by middle and high school levels regarding reading?
A basic understanding of how to read
Students may still struggle with complex texts and comprehension.
How can teachers increase student engagement in reading?
By choosing reading materials based on student abilities and interests
Many factors influence comprehension.
What is the purpose of activating prior knowledge before reading?
To provide students with building blocks for understanding the text
Methods include discussions, videos, and writing prompts.
What is an anticipation guide?
A series of statements related to the reading’s topic for students to agree or disagree with
It encourages reflection before and after reading.
What is metacognition in the context of reading?
Being aware of one’s own thought processes while reading
It is key for full comprehension.
What strategies can promote active reading?
Activities, teacher-led questioning, graphic organizers, and discussions
These methods help students engage with the text.
What should students do after reading to enhance comprehension?
Summarize, reflect, and question the text
Techniques include retelling, responding, and debating.
What are decoding skills?
The ability to accurately pronounce and understand grade-level vocabulary in context
Essential for comprehension.
What challenges might struggling readers face?
Decoding skills, reading fluency, and limited academic language knowledge
Each can hinder understanding of complex texts.
What should be assessed if students struggle with comprehension?
Common text features that may be challenging
This includes author’s assumptions, vocabulary challenges, and text complexity.
What is the importance of text features?
They can either aid or hinder comprehension
Examples include headings, graphics, and literary devices.
What is the role of literary devices in reading comprehension?
They can provide deeper meaning and require analysis
Students should be taught to identify and infer meaning from them.
What is the main idea of a passage?
The central point of the passage
It can be stated or inferred.
How can one identify the primary purpose of a passage?
By inferring why the author wrote it
Tone and word choice often provide clues.
What are some question stems for identifying main ideas?
- The main idea of the passage is…
- Which statement best summarizes the main idea?
- Which statement represents the topic sentence?
These help guide comprehension assessments.
What should you do when identifying the main idea after reading?
Imagine summarizing it in 1 sentence starting with, ‘It was mostly about…’
This helps clarify understanding.
What is the significance of the Lewis and Clark expedition?
It is significant in many ways for science, geography, and politics
It provided descriptions of the West and lessons in bravery.
What does the phrase ‘ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country’ imply?
A call to civic responsibility and activism
It encourages citizens to contribute to their nation.
What should one consider when assessing the author’s assumptions in a text?
Whether specific parts of the text assume prior knowledge
This can affect comprehension.
What is a graphic organizer?
A tool to record thoughts, reactions, or conclusions from a text
It aids in active reading and comprehension.
What are think-alouds?
Modeling metacognition by verbalizing thoughts during reading
Students can practice this in pairs or small groups.
True or False: The main idea can only be directly stated in a passage.
False
The main idea can also be inferred.
Fill in the blank: The primary purpose of a passage is to _______.
[explain the author’s intent or message]
What is the purpose of Kennedy’s speech?
A stirring and inspiring call to patriotism and activism
The purpose is usually inferred from tone and word choice.
Which choice best summarizes the excerpt about vitamins and minerals?
Expensive multivitamin supplements are not necessary to maintain health because eating fresh fruits and vegetables will safely provide your body with its needed vitamins and minerals
This encompasses the main points of the excerpt.
What are the common types of organization in writing?
- Sequential order
- Chronological order
- Order of importance
- Spatial order
- Cause and Effect
- Problem and Solution
- Claim and Refutation
- Compare and Contrast
These are also known as text structures or rhetorical patterns.
What transition words indicate sequential order?
- first
- second
- third
- before
- next
- finally
These words signal an orderly progression of events or ideas.
Which technique does the author use to organize the selection about Vikings?
Claim and refutation
The author refutes the claim that Vikings were solely violent pirates by presenting counterpoints.
What type of organization is described by the transition words ‘if…then’ and ‘as a result’?
Cause and Effect
This organization describes an event followed by outcomes.
Which choice best describes the organization of the passage about earth-changing events?
It discusses a problem and challenges readers to act
The author presents the problem of human impact on the earth and urges action.
Fill in the blank: The dietary supplement industry profits about _______ a year in America.
$37 billion
This statistic highlights the industry’s financial success.
What distinguishes spoken discourse from written discourse?
- Communicates information quickly
- Does not require literacy
- Leaves no record
- Communicates additional information through voice
These characteristics highlight the immediacy and nature of spoken language.
What is one challenge students face when transitioning from spoken to written language?
Learning to translate ideas from verbal to written form requires precise instruction
This transition can lead to misinterpretation if not done correctly.
True or False: Written discourse can communicate more meaning than spoken language.
False
Written discourse cannot communicate more meaning than written words and punctuation.
What are some common transition words for comparing and contrasting?
- similarly
- likewise
- as well as
- on the other hand
- but
- however
- instead
These words help highlight similarities and differences.
What is the main idea of the passage discussing Vikings?
Vikings were not only raiders but also traders and builders
The passage aims to provide a broader perspective of Viking activities.
Fill in the blank: The future of the Earth is in our _______.
hands
This emphasizes individual responsibility towards environmental conservation.
What is the importance of precise language in writing?
Choosing the best word to convey meaning is essential in written communication.
Precise language applies to all parts of speech and connotations associated with words.
Why should demonstrative pronouns be avoided in writing?
They can lead to confusion and vagueness without physical context.
For example, using ‘that’ without specifying what ‘that’ refers to is unclear in writing.
What role do transition words play in writing?
They help communicate meaning and organize ideas in written texts.
Examples include ‘first’, ‘second’, ‘next’, and ‘finally’.
What is a direct quotation?
A word-for-word repetition of what a speaker has said, often using a dialogue tag.
Example: “Are we going out to eat?” asked Jill.
What is a paraphrased quotation?
Conveying the meaning of what was said without repeating the exact words.
Example: The president said he would pay teachers more.
What types of questions may be asked when evaluating writing?
Questions can include evaluating organization, clarity, word choice, and author’s purpose.
Example: How could you revise to improve organization?
What is the purpose of narrative/descriptive writing?
To tell a story or describe a specific person, place, or thing.
Includes sensory details, mood, and atmosphere.
What is the primary goal of persuasive writing?
To argue a point of view or convince the reader of an opinion.
Subgenres include speeches, ads, and debates.
What does informative/expository writing aim to do?
To explain or inform the reader about a topic.
Subgenres include essays, reports, and brochures.
What should students consider when choosing their tone and mode of writing?
Task, purpose, and intended audience.
This helps in selecting appropriate language and style.
What is the definition of a letter in writing?
A direct or personal message addressed to a specific person or organization.
It is used for communicating directly with the recipient.
What is the purpose of an essay?
To educate the reader on a particular subject.
Essays are typically short pieces of writing.
What distinguishes a blog from other writing types?
It is an online journal sharing the author’s informal thoughts with a wide audience.
Blogs often reflect personal opinions and experiences.
What characterizes a speech in writing?
A formal address or discourse spoken to an audience.
Speeches are designed to communicate information quickly to a large audience.
What is a résumé?
A document highlighting professional accomplishments and experience.
It is used to secure employment.
What defines a short story?
A story with a fully developed theme that is shorter than a novel.
It shares a self-contained incident or series of incidents.
Fill in the blank: ___________ is used when the writer is quoting the speaker word for word.
Direct quotation
True or False: Transition words are only necessary in narrative writing.
False
Transition words are important in all types of writing for clarity and flow.
What is Semantic Feature Analysis?
A strategy comparing characteristics of related concepts using a chart to understand similarities and differences.
What is an Anticipation Guide?
A pre-reading tool with statements to activate prior knowledge and spark discussion about a text.
What is Reciprocal Teaching?
A method where students take turns leading discussions, using predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing.
What does Background Building refer to?
Providing context or prior knowledge to help students understand a text or topic better.
What is Code Switching?
Alternating between languages or dialects depending on the context or audience.
What is a Style Manual?
A guide (e.g., MLA, APA) for formatting and writing conventions in academic or professional work.
What is Denotation?
The literal, dictionary definition of a word, without emotion or implication.
What is Annotation?
Notes or comments added to a text to explain, interpret, or reflect on it.
What does Connotation mean?
The emotional or cultural meaning a word carries beyond its literal definition.
What is a Mock Epic?
A satirical poem that mimics epic conventions to humorously elevate a trivial subject.
What are Loaded Words?
Words with strong emotional connotations used to persuade or evoke reactions.
What is Snob Appeal?
A persuasion tactic suggesting something is desirable because it’s exclusive or elite.
What is a Testimonial?
A statement (often from a celebrity) endorsing a product, idea, or work to build trust.
