Terminology and Overview of Skeletal System Flashcards
Median (Midsaggittal)
Left/Right
Sagittal
slides the median plane to the left or the right
could have infinite number of slices
Frontal AKA
Coronal
Front/Back cuts
could have infinite number of parallel planes
transverse AKA
Horizontal
Top and Bottom
axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
appendicular skeleton
limbs and the girdles (pelvis) *foundation of lower extremity
fossa
depression in bone
groove
depression in bone that accommodates a structure
Tubercle
rounded projection, usually blunt and irregular
articular facets
small, shallow depression, articulating with another bone
notch
deep indentation or narrow gap
foramen
hole for blood vessels and nerves to pass
skeletal articulations
or joints
how two bones come together
fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous joint
synchondrosis, symphysis
types of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous
synovial
suture
type of fibrous joint
example- bones in skull
held together by sharpey’s fibers
some flexibility (small)
syndesmosis
fibrous joint
- sheet of fibrous tissue joining two bones
example - radius and ulna
gomphosis
type of fibrous joint *teeth and alveolar bone peg- like articulation tooth in bone and held with fibrous- sharpey's fibers pdl
synchondrosis
define primary
type of cartilaginous joint
see cartilage between - growth plate
growth plate will disappear
bone 1 and 2 joined by growth plate
primary = first time developing use the plate and plate/cartilage disappears
BONES UNITED BY HYALINE CARTILAGE
example- costochondral joints and sternocostal joint and xiphisternal joint
symphysis
type of cartilagenous joint
SECONDARY
BONES UNITED BY FIBROUS CARTILAGE - two bones with pad of fibrocartilage
example- manubriosternal joint
manubrium (superior part of the sternum)
ALSO THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
synovial joint
joint capsule of fibrous tissue joint cavity enclosed by capsule synovial membrane lining capsule synovial fluid covereing joint surfaces usually hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces LOOK AT PICTURE
types of synovial joints and their movements
plane (gliding) - no clear axis of motion
hinge (knee) and pivot(radius/ulna with humerus=elbow) - uniaxial, movement in one direction
condyloid (fingers) and saddle (thumb is example) - biaxial - two axis of movement
Ball and socket - triaxial = shoulder
- will then need three muscles because three separate movements
tendon
muscle to bone
ligament
bone to bone
hilton’s law
blood supply and innervation to joint are from same blood vessels and nerves that supply the muscles around the joint
CRUCIAL IN PROPRIOCEPTION
extrinsic muscle
a muscle that has one attachment outside the region of interest
intrinsic muscle
begin in end in region itself
move head forward
flexion
so back = extension
palm facing up and move arm up
flexion
so back is extension
leg straight and move forward
flexion
so extension is leg moved back while straight
bending knee
bending knee back = flexion
palm not facing up and moving hand down
flexion
Rheumatoid Arthritis
inflammatory arthritis - autoimmune so see symmetry from right to left (like in hands)
symmetric
typical deformities
body attacking synovial joints
osteoarthritis
wear on joint surfaces- so breakdown of the synovial joints
may be unilateral
occurring more on weight-bearing joints
plane/ gliding is…
example?
synovial joint - no definite plane of motion - example is wrist - articulation is flat surface
hinge and pivot joints
example
synovial joint that move in one axis
hinge - knee or elbow which move in sagital plane - front and back
pivot = radius and ulna (rotary movement)
condyloid and saddle joint
examples
2 axial synovial joints
condyloid - fingers - movement is sagital and coronal(frontal) (front back and left right)
saddle- thumb
ball and socket
tri-axial shoulder movement in all planes horizontal/transverse frontal/coronal sagital - left / right
plane/gliding joint
uniaxial - NO CLEAR AXIS OF ROTATION
flat articulating surfaces
example is wrist and intervertebral
type of synovial
HINGE joint
uniaxial
elbow and knee
knee is moving within the sagittal plane
pivot joint
uniaxial
radius and ulna with the humerus
synovial
condyloid
Bi-axial
in the fingers
movement can occur in two planes
finger is sagital and coronal plane
saddle joint
bi-axial
thumb
ball and socket
tri-axial like shoulder three planes sagital frontal/coronal transverse/horizontal = rotator
