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Gross Anatomy > Lungs and Heart > Flashcards

Lungs and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the sublaryngeal airway constitutes the…

A

tracheobronchial tree

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2
Q

trachea (where)

A

within the superior medistinum consituites the trunk of the tree
- will extend into down

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3
Q

level that the trachea bifurcates

A

level of the transverse thoracic plane into the main (primary) bronchi

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4
Q

main (primary) bronchi

A

one passes to each lung - passing inferior laterally to each lung and enter at the hilum

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5
Q

differences between the left and right main bronchus

A

the right is wider and shorter and RUNS MORE VERTICALLY as it passes directly into the hilum
the left passes inferolaterally and inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the esophagus and thoracic aorta

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6
Q

name of a feature at the last tracheal ring and its function

A

carina - midline cartilage that separates the lumens of the primary bronchi

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7
Q

characteristics of the lung - and three surfaces

A

apex - superior blunt end of the lungs
diaphragmatic - coursing diaphragm
mediastinal - midline
costal- will follow inner surface of the ribs

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8
Q

features of the right lung

A

3 lobes - upper, middle, lower
2 fissures - horizontal (smaller) and oblique
Pulmonary artery will be anterior to the entrance of the bronchi

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9
Q

features of the left lung

A

2 lobes- upper and lower
one fissure - oblique
pulmonary artery will be superior to the entrance of bronchi at the hiatus

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10
Q

T/F the pleura covers the lungs but does not contain the lungs

A

TRUE - surrounded by the pleura

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11
Q

layers of pleural cavity

A

visceral - closest to lung - surrounding the organ

parietal - outer pleural layer - refers to the body cavity

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12
Q

pleura cavity and function

A

space BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS - space allows the lungs to expand and relax

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13
Q

pulmonary trunk- recieves/ comes off of what

A

right ventricle

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14
Q

pulmonary trunk forms..

A

right and left pulmonary arteries

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15
Q

subdivisions of the pulmonary arteries

A

lobar and segmental arteries within the lungs (veins do this too)

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16
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs

A

pulmonary capillaries

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17
Q

blood back to the heart after lungs through

A

pulmonary veins - carrying oxygenated blood blood to the left atrium of the heart

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18
Q

what can you find on mediastinal surface of lungs?

A

bronchus and pulmonary artery and veins

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19
Q

bronchial arteries - function and where do they arise?

A

supply blood for the nutrition of the supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
arteries
lungs need a designated blood supply - so these brachial arteries carry this out
typically arise from the thoracic aorta

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20
Q

bronchial veins

A

drain some of the blood supplied to the lungs by the bronchial arteries - the rest is drained by the pulmonary veins

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21
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

forms when a blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble travels in the blood to the lungs - usually from a leg vein (pooling of blood in lower extremities)

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22
Q

pathway way of a typical pulmonary embolism

A

usually from blood clotting in lower extremity (lack of movement) –> travels up and enters inferior vena cava –> passes through to the right side of the heart to lung in a pulmonary artery - blocking it =pulmonary embolism

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23
Q

main sources of a pulmonary embolism

A

blood clot
fat globule
air bubble

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24
Q

immediate result of a pulmonary embolism?

A

partial or complete obstruction of blood flow to the lung

-acute respiratory distress because of a major decrease in the oxygenation of blood

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25
cause of acute respiratory distress?
pulmonary embolism - clot that is not allowing trasnfer of deoxy/oxy blood - so major decrease in the oxygenation of blood
26
anterior and posterior position of the heart
atria will be more posterior and the ventricles will be more anterior - when see heart you see most of the right ventricle
27
apex of heart
tip of the left ventricle
28
cardiac boundaries
1/3 of heart lies to the right of the midline and 2/3 of the heart is to the LEFT of midline (heart is shifted to the left)
29
right acute border of heart
superior vena cava, right atrium and inferior vena cava
30
inferior border of heart
delineated by the right ventricle
31
left (obtuse border)
formed by the left ventricle
32
Tip of heart
anterior posterior and to the left atria are more posterior (right ventricle looks like it is on the left side)
33
layers of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium | serous - which is divided into the visceral and parietal pericardium
34
fibrous pericardium
*additional layer - connective tissue covering and aiding in protection of the heart- directly adhered to the outer surface to the parietal layer of the pericardium
35
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation within the pericardium exerts an inward pressure on the heart and then it can no longer pump properly could cause fluid to accumulate --> may not be a visible symptom after a car accident - but could be occuring (between the pericardium)
36
tricuspid valve
separates the right atrium and right ventricle
37
Pulmonary valve
in the right ventricle | controlling flow from here to the pulmonary arteries
38
bicuspid valve
between the left atrium and left ventricle
39
aortic valve
within the left atrium - controlling blood flow into the aorta - to rest of body
40
pectinate muscles
wall of atrium - ridges and help direct the flow of blood
41
fossa ovalis
remnant of foramen ovale
42
right auricle
can increase capacity of the atrium | help if there is ever a rapid increase in blood flow
43
opening of coronary sinus
within the right atrium | bringing venous blood into the right atrium - specific to the right atrium
44
crista terminalis
between smooth and muscular portions of the inner wall of right atrium
45
chordae tendinae - and importance
stabalize valve cusps in ventricle KEEP VALVE CLOSED DURING VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
46
papillary muscles
in ventricle - contract to tighten chordae tendinae
47
trabeculae carnae
muscular ridges in the ventricle
48
moderator band
within the right ventricle and functions in part of the conduction system
49
when do the papillary muscles contract
before ventricular contraction -
50
cardiac innervation
the heart rate and ejection volume are controlled by the autonomic nervous system via the cardiac plexus
51
parasympathetic division of cardiac innervation | pre and post ganglionic
slows the heart rate and reduces the stroke volume preganglionic fibers from the vagus nerve sends fibers over the surface of the heart and to the nodal area Pre-ganglionic fibers synapse with the POST-GANGLIONIC fibers to the myocardium
52
sympathetic cardiac innervation+ pre and post ganglionic fibers
accelerates the heart rate and increases stroke volume pre-ganglionic cell bodies are found in the intermediolateral cell column - LATERAL HORN in the thoracic region off the spinal cord post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves run from the upper sympathetic chain ganglia (ganglia in the peripheral) to the heart which terminate in the vicinity of the SA and AV nodes, and the ventricular musculature
53
where do the post ganglionic nerves terminate in the sympathetic stimulation to the heart?
SA, AV nodes and the ventricular musculature
54
Coronary circulation
branches from the ascending aorta- perfuses the heart muscle branches from the right and left main coronary arteries
55
Right coronary artery branches
Right has 3 branches branches to the sinoatrial nodal artery posterior interventriuclar artery - wraps around to posterior marginal artery - goes along the inferior base of heart
56
left coronary artery branches
gives off two branches LAD aka the anterior interventricular artery (most likely to be effected) and the circumflex artery - continue to wrap around the left
57
coronary sinus receives blood from?
great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein
58
right atrium receives blood from in cardiac veins?
anterior cardiac veins
59
what runs with the great cardiac vein?
LAD or the anterior interventricular artery (from left coronary)
60
what runs with the middle cardiac vein?
posterior interventricular artery (from the right coronary artery)
61
what runs with the small cardiac vein?
the marginal artery - from the right coronary artery
62
coronary artery by pass graft
if blockage - there is impaired perfusion distal to the sight you can use a catheder to remove the plaque and attempt to dislodge it - this could turn out bad as it could then get stuck somewhere else *TAKE SUPERFICIAL VEIN FROM ANOTHER PART of the body and tie on spot DISTAL to the blockage

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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