Lungs and Heart Flashcards
the sublaryngeal airway constitutes the…
tracheobronchial tree
trachea (where)
within the superior medistinum consituites the trunk of the tree
- will extend into down
level that the trachea bifurcates
level of the transverse thoracic plane into the main (primary) bronchi
main (primary) bronchi
one passes to each lung - passing inferior laterally to each lung and enter at the hilum
differences between the left and right main bronchus
the right is wider and shorter and RUNS MORE VERTICALLY as it passes directly into the hilum
the left passes inferolaterally and inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the esophagus and thoracic aorta
name of a feature at the last tracheal ring and its function
carina - midline cartilage that separates the lumens of the primary bronchi
characteristics of the lung - and three surfaces
apex - superior blunt end of the lungs
diaphragmatic - coursing diaphragm
mediastinal - midline
costal- will follow inner surface of the ribs
features of the right lung
3 lobes - upper, middle, lower
2 fissures - horizontal (smaller) and oblique
Pulmonary artery will be anterior to the entrance of the bronchi
features of the left lung
2 lobes- upper and lower
one fissure - oblique
pulmonary artery will be superior to the entrance of bronchi at the hiatus
T/F the pleura covers the lungs but does not contain the lungs
TRUE - surrounded by the pleura
layers of pleural cavity
visceral - closest to lung - surrounding the organ
parietal - outer pleural layer - refers to the body cavity
pleura cavity and function
space BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS - space allows the lungs to expand and relax
pulmonary trunk- recieves/ comes off of what
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk forms..
right and left pulmonary arteries
subdivisions of the pulmonary arteries
lobar and segmental arteries within the lungs (veins do this too)
where does gas exchange occur in the lungs
pulmonary capillaries
blood back to the heart after lungs through
pulmonary veins - carrying oxygenated blood blood to the left atrium of the heart
what can you find on mediastinal surface of lungs?
bronchus and pulmonary artery and veins
bronchial arteries - function and where do they arise?
supply blood for the nutrition of the supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
arteries
lungs need a designated blood supply - so these brachial arteries carry this out
typically arise from the thoracic aorta
bronchial veins
drain some of the blood supplied to the lungs by the bronchial arteries - the rest is drained by the pulmonary veins
pulmonary embolism
forms when a blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble travels in the blood to the lungs - usually from a leg vein (pooling of blood in lower extremities)
pathway way of a typical pulmonary embolism
usually from blood clotting in lower extremity (lack of movement) –> travels up and enters inferior vena cava –> passes through to the right side of the heart to lung in a pulmonary artery - blocking it =pulmonary embolism
main sources of a pulmonary embolism
blood clot
fat globule
air bubble
immediate result of a pulmonary embolism?
partial or complete obstruction of blood flow to the lung
-acute respiratory distress because of a major decrease in the oxygenation of blood
cause of acute respiratory distress?
pulmonary embolism - clot that is not allowing trasnfer of deoxy/oxy blood - so major decrease in the oxygenation of blood
anterior and posterior position of the heart
atria will be more posterior and the ventricles will be more anterior - when see heart you see most of the right ventricle
apex of heart
tip of the left ventricle
cardiac boundaries
1/3 of heart lies to the right of the midline and 2/3 of the heart is to the LEFT of midline (heart is shifted to the left)
right acute border of heart
superior vena cava, right atrium and inferior vena cava
inferior border of heart
delineated by the right ventricle
left (obtuse border)
formed by the left ventricle
Tip of heart
anterior posterior and to the left
atria are more posterior
(right ventricle looks like it is on the left side)
layers of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium
serous - which is divided into the visceral and parietal pericardium
fibrous pericardium
*additional layer - connective tissue covering and aiding in protection of the heart-
directly adhered to the outer surface to the parietal layer of the pericardium
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation within the pericardium
exerts an inward pressure on the heart and then it can no longer pump properly
could cause fluid to accumulate –> may not be a visible symptom after a car accident - but could be occuring
(between the pericardium)
tricuspid valve
separates the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
in the right ventricle
controlling flow from here to the pulmonary arteries
bicuspid valve
between the left atrium and left ventricle
aortic valve
within the left atrium - controlling blood flow into the aorta - to rest of body
pectinate muscles
wall of atrium - ridges and help direct the flow of blood
fossa ovalis
remnant of foramen ovale
right auricle
can increase capacity of the atrium
help if there is ever a rapid increase in blood flow
opening of coronary sinus
within the right atrium
bringing venous blood into the right atrium - specific to the right atrium
crista terminalis
between smooth and muscular portions of the inner wall of right atrium
chordae tendinae - and importance
stabalize valve cusps
in ventricle
KEEP VALVE CLOSED DURING VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
papillary muscles
in ventricle - contract to tighten chordae tendinae
trabeculae carnae
muscular ridges in the ventricle
moderator band
within the right ventricle and functions in part of the conduction system
when do the papillary muscles contract
before ventricular contraction -
cardiac innervation
the heart rate and ejection volume are controlled by the autonomic nervous system via the cardiac plexus
parasympathetic division of cardiac innervation
pre and post ganglionic
slows the heart rate and reduces the stroke volume
preganglionic fibers from the vagus nerve sends fibers over the surface of the heart and to the nodal area
Pre-ganglionic fibers synapse with the POST-GANGLIONIC fibers to the myocardium
sympathetic cardiac innervation+ pre and post ganglionic fibers
accelerates the heart rate and increases stroke volume
pre-ganglionic cell bodies are found in the intermediolateral cell column - LATERAL HORN in the thoracic region off the spinal cord
post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves run from the upper sympathetic chain ganglia (ganglia in the peripheral) to the heart which terminate in the vicinity of the SA and AV nodes, and the ventricular musculature
where do the post ganglionic nerves terminate in the sympathetic stimulation to the heart?
SA, AV nodes and the ventricular musculature
Coronary circulation
branches from the ascending aorta- perfuses the heart muscle
branches from the right and left main coronary arteries
Right coronary artery branches
Right has 3 branches
branches to the sinoatrial nodal artery
posterior interventriuclar artery - wraps around to posterior
marginal artery - goes along the inferior base of heart
left coronary artery branches
gives off two branches
LAD aka the anterior interventricular artery (most likely to be effected)
and the circumflex artery - continue to wrap around the left
coronary sinus receives blood from?
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
right atrium receives blood from in cardiac veins?
anterior cardiac veins
what runs with the great cardiac vein?
LAD or the anterior interventricular artery (from left coronary)
what runs with the middle cardiac vein?
posterior interventricular artery (from the right coronary artery)
what runs with the small cardiac vein?
the marginal artery - from the right coronary artery
coronary artery by pass graft
if blockage - there is impaired perfusion distal to the sight
you can use a catheder to remove the plaque and attempt to dislodge it - this could turn out bad as it could then get stuck somewhere else
*TAKE SUPERFICIAL VEIN FROM ANOTHER PART of the body and tie on spot DISTAL to the blockage
