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Gross Anatomy > Anterior Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Organs > Flashcards

Anterior Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of abdominal wall

A

Superior - xiphoid process and costal margin
posterior - vertebral column
inferior - superior portions of the pelvic bone

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2
Q

Pelvis components and brief function

A 
Fusion of three bones:
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. pubis 
This bone serves as a site of attachment for abdominal muscles and ligaments
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3
Q

pelvic osteology

A

see lab notes

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4
Q

three flat muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and what/how do they end

A
  1. external oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transverse abdominis
    end anteriorly in a stong sheetlike aponeurosis
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5
Q

what does the aponeurpses of the three flat muscles of the anterolateral wall form/interlace at

A

aponeuroses interlace at the linea alba (LA)

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6
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

what the muscle fibers are replaced by anteriorly and it is a sheet-like fibrous membrane

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7
Q

external oblique muscle
attachments
innervation
action

A

Attachments: Ribs 5-12
LA (linea Alba), pubic tubercle, iliac crest
innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
actions:
compress, support abdominal viscera
flex and rotate to OPPOSITE SIDE
Fibers are running superior lateral to inferior medial

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8
Q

lower border of the external oblique forms…

A

ingual ligamentum - which passes between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle

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9
Q

inguinal ligament

A

thickened, underturned, INFERIOR margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
from the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
forms boundaries of the inguinal canal

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10
Q

ingual canal function and its openings

A

develops in posterior abdominal cavity
oblique, inferiormedially directed passage (4 cm long) through inferior part of anterolateral abdominal wall
how the testis were able to be externalized
1. deep internal inguinal ring - entrance to the canal
2. superficial (external) inguinal ring - exit from the inguinal canal

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11
Q

contents of the inguinal canal

A

Spermatic cord: ductus deferens, testicular artery, sympathetic nerve fibers
Round Ligament of uterus (female) - ‘tether’ to uterus

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12
Q

inguinal Hernia

A

more common in males than females because wider canal
intestines passes into the scrotum or the groin
could occur if there is too much pressure in the abdominal

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13
Q

internal oblique muscle

attachment, innervation, and action

A

Attachments:
Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
ribs 10-12, LA
innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
action: compress, support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk to SAME SIDE

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14
Q

Transversus Abdominis (TA) Muscle
Attachments
Innervation
Action

A

Internal to the internal oblique muscle
Attachment : Ribs 7-12 costal cartilage, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia to LA, pubic crest (part of symphysis)
Innervation: Segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: Compress, support the abdominal viscera
These are horizontal and meant to protect

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15
Q

Transversailis fascia

A

Each of the three flat muscles is covered on its anterior and posterior surface by this layer of fascia

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16
Q

which layer of the transversalis fascia can we see? what is it continuous with?

A

layer deep to the transversus abdominus and is continuous with the fascia on the internal aspect of the abdominal wall (endoabdominal (EA) fascia)

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17
Q

what is deep to the transversalis fascia?

A

Extraperitoneal fascia which is a connective tissue and contains varrying amounts of fat

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18
Q

what is deep to the extraperitoneal fascia?

A

the peritoneum

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19
Q

Peritoneum

A

this is deep to the extraperitoneal fascia and is a thin serous membrane lining the abdominal walls and some viscera of the abdominal cavity

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20
Q

‘TEP’

A

Transversalis fascia - deep to the transversus abdominous
Extraperitoneal fascia - deep to transversalis fascia
Parietal peritoneum - serous membrane lining abdominal cavity - deep to the extraperitoneal

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21
Q

Layers of fascia

A

Superficial layer :fatty and membranous
Deep (investing) layers: envelop muscle layers
Transversalis fascia: Underlies (deep) to the TA muscle which is continous with the endoabdominal (EA) fascia
Extraperitoneal fascia
Peritoneum

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22
Q 
Rectus Abdominus 
Attachment
Innervation
Action , 
Direction of fibers
A

Vertical
Attachments: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest to xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7
Innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: compress, support abdominal viscera. flex trunk

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23
Q

what is significant about the rectus abdominal muscle?

A

IT IS SEGMENTED so it can contract in smaller units

it is segmented by the tendinous intersection

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24
Q

arcuate line

A

where we see a change in the direction of the fascia in the abdominal muscles (rectus sheath then transversalis fascia)

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25
Q

rectus sheath

A

fascia surrounding the rectus abdominus muscle

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26
Q

above arcuate line?

A

rectus abdominus is covered on both sides by the rectus sheath

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27
Q

below the arcuate line?

A

posterior surface of the rectus muscle is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia

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28
Q

Superior Abdominal wall vasculature

A

Superior epigastric artery- terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery

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29
Q

Lateral abdominal wall vasculature

A

10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries - coming off aorta
subcostal arteries

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30
Q

Inferior abdominal wall vasculature

A

inferior epigastric artery (from internal iliac artery)

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31
Q

Veins of abdominal wall

A

same as the arteries

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32
Q

where do the superior and inferior epigastric vessels

A

the superior and inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheath - so go in a vertical manner
but they are posterior to the rectus muscle throughout their course

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33
Q

what do you have to do to see the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

they are posterior to the rectus abdominus - so have to lift it up and look at the inferior aspect

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34
Q

what is significant about the diaphragm being highly arched?

A

some of the abdominal cavity can be deep to the ribs and thus protected like the liver and spleen

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35
Q

peritoneum

A

continuous BILAYER transparent serous membrane - lining the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the viscera (organs)

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36
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lining the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall (body cavity)

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37
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

around the viscera/organs such as the stomach and intestines

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38
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

these do NOT possess a mesentary. Organs lie within the extraperitoneal layer of the abdominal wall
SADPUCKER

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39
Q

mesentery

A

a double layer of peritoneum that suspends some abdominal organs
from posterior coming forward

40
Q

omentum

A

double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes between the stomach/duodenum and adjacent organs

41
Q

lesser omentum

A

connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver
BETWEEN THE STOMACH/DUODENUM AND LIVER

42
Q

greater omentum

A

prominent peritoneal fold fold that hangs down like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum

43
Q

where does the greater omentum attach as it descends

A

anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentary

44
Q

esophagus
pass through where
terminate where

A

continuous with the pharynx
passes through the esophogeal hiatus at the level of T10 vertabra
terminates by entering stomach at the cardiac region of the stomach

45
Q

stomach regions

A

abdominal esophagus enters at cardia fundus body pyloric region

46
Q

pyloric region

A

pylorus is thickened to form the pyloric spinchter into the duodenum

47
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum(digestion) - jejunum - ileum(absorption)

48
Q

T/F there are no gross anatomical features which distinguishes the three regions of the small intestine

A

True

49
Q 
large intestine
function and regions
A

Colon
Function- absorb salt and water
Regions- cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon- descending colon - sigmoid colon

50
Q

hepatic plexure

A

superior to transverse colon where liver would be right above on the RIGHT SIDE

51
Q

splenic plexure

A

superior to the transverse colon before descending because spleen is right above - on the LEFT SIDE

52
Q

teniae coli

begin where? and split to what?

A

thickened bands of smooth muscle representing most of the longitudinal muscle coat
begin at the base of the appendix and split into three bands
run the length of the large intestine and merge again at the rectosigmoid junction

53
Q

haustra

A

teniae are shorter than the intestine, the colon becomes sacculated between the tenia and form the haustra
like pouches in the large intestine

54
Q

omentum appendages

A

fatty omentum-like projections are unique to large intestine

55
Q

appendix and where does it arise

A

(veriform appendix)
extends from the intestines and contains masses of lymphoid tissue
arises from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum inferior to the ileocecal junction

56
Q

liver : function and location

A

endocrine and exocrine functions
location: normally on the right side and deep to ribs 7-11 (small portion will cross the midline)
under the ribs but still in the abdominal cavity because of the arch of the diaphragm

57
Q

four lobes of liver

A

right, left, caudate, and quadrate

58
Q

porta hepatis

A

on the posterior aspect- point of entry for hepatic arteries and portal vein and point of exit for hepatic duct

59
Q

caudate and quadrate lobe

A

caudate is superior on the posterior surface

quadrate is inferior of posterior surface - adjacent to the gallbladder

60
Q

coronary ligament

A

connecting the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm

61
Q

hepatoduodental ligament

A

thick free edge of the lesser omentum - between the porta hepatis of liver and the duodenum

62
Q

what does the hepatoduodenal ligament enclose?

A

portal triad, few lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the hepatic plexus of nerves

63
Q

hepatogastric ligament

A

sheetlike remainder of the lesser omentum, extends between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

64
Q

portal vein

A

main channel of portal venous system as it collects poorly oxygenated blood but NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD from the abdominal part of the GI tract, including the gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen - carrying them to liver

65
Q

hepatic vein

A

carries filtered blood from the liver to the IVC - inferior vena cava

66
Q

hepatic artery

A

the parenchyma (functional tissue) of the liver is supplied by the hepatic artery

67
Q

portal triad

A

portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver and the hepatic vein leaves to go into the IVC

68
Q

portal vein is formed by the union of what?

A

splenic and superior mesenteric veins

also divides into right and left before entering the liver

69
Q

portal vein is final common pathway for what organs?

A

spleen (splenic vein contributing), pancreas, gall bladder, GI tract

70
Q

gall bladder; function and location

A

functionally - stores and concentrations bile

location: lies in the gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the liver

71
Q

pancreas
Function
location
regions of pancreas

A

function: enzyme production
Location: NECK of pancreas overlies 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
HEAD is to the right and inferior to this plane
BODY AND TAIL are to the left and superior to this level (1&2nd lumbar vertebrae)

72
Q

ducts related to dueodenum

A

R+L hepatic duct to form common
cystic duct - bile from gall bladder
common bile duct from cystic and common hepatic
pancreatic- from pancreas to dueodenym

73
Q

kidneys
function
location

A

function: remove water, salt, etc. from the blood
location : superior poles of the kidney lie deep to the 11th and 12th ribs
also pretty far posterior

74
Q

T/F the right kidney is lower than the left?

A

TRUE

75
Q

hilum of kidney

A

concave medial border where the nerves and vessels enter and exit

76
Q

ureter from kidney

A

expands at the hilum and forms renal pelvis

77
Q

how many pyramids in a typical renal medulla

A

6-18 medullary pyramids

78
Q

renal papilla

A

apex/tip of the pyramid and points towards the hilum - it is perforated by openings of collecting ducts

79
Q

where do collecting ducts empty into

A

minor calyces

80
Q

what forms the major calyx?

A

several minor calyces coming together

81
Q

renal pelvis

A

major calyces come together to form this - it is the expanded end of the ureter

82
Q

suprarenal (adrenal) gland

A

gland that is surrounded by a dense, fibroelastic capsule of connective tissue
parenchyma of gland (functional tissue) is divided into two histologically and functionally different regions -cortex & medulla
looks like a fatty mass on top of the kidneys

83
Q

spleen; function and location

A

largest lymph organ with B and T lymphocytes
Filters blood - digest bacteria and depleted red blood cells
Location: deep to left 9th through 11 ribs (doesnt usually descend inferior to the costal margin

84
Q

spleen receives blood via?

A

splenic artery - sill bring you to trunk of vessels

85
Q

branches of abdominal aorta

A

anterior visceral to unpaired organs (GI and spleen)
lateral visceral (paired organs - reproductive and kidneys)
posterior parietal - paired lumbar and sacral regions

86
Q

anterior visceral arteries

A

Celiac trunk - foregut
superior mesenteric-midgut
inferior mesenteric - hindgut

87
Q

celiac trunk comes off?

supplies what

A

comes off the abdominal aorta and supplies foregut - esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen

88
Q

superior mesenteric artery

A

supplying the midgut - jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending and 2/3 transverse colon

89
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A

supplying the hindgut- 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

90
Q

major branches of the celiac trunk

A

left gastric artery
splenic artery
common hepatic artery

91
Q

where does the right gastric artery arise from?

A

from the hepatic artery

92
Q

superior mesenteric artery branches

A 
inferior pancreatiocoduodenal artery 
jejunal and ileal arteries
middle colic artery
right colic artery
ileocolic artery
93
Q

inferior mesenteric artery branches

A

left colic artery
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal artery

94
Q

lateral visceral arteries

A

inferior phrenic
suprarenal
renal
reproductive

95
Q

inferior vena cava begins where and by the union of what?

A

begins anterior to L5 vertebra by the union of the common iliac veins

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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