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Gross Anatomy > Anterior Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Organs > Flashcards

Anterior Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of abdominal wall

A

Superior - xiphoid process and costal margin
posterior - vertebral column
inferior - superior portions of the pelvic bone

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2
Q

Pelvis components and brief function

A 
Fusion of three bones:
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. pubis 
This bone serves as a site of attachment for abdominal muscles and ligaments
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3
Q

pelvic osteology

A

see lab notes

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4
Q

three flat muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and what/how do they end

A
  1. external oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transverse abdominis
    end anteriorly in a stong sheetlike aponeurosis
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5
Q

what does the aponeurpses of the three flat muscles of the anterolateral wall form/interlace at

A

aponeuroses interlace at the linea alba (LA)

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6
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

what the muscle fibers are replaced by anteriorly and it is a sheet-like fibrous membrane

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7
Q

external oblique muscle
attachments
innervation
action

A

Attachments: Ribs 5-12
LA (linea Alba), pubic tubercle, iliac crest
innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
actions:
compress, support abdominal viscera
flex and rotate to OPPOSITE SIDE
Fibers are running superior lateral to inferior medial

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8
Q

lower border of the external oblique forms…

A

ingual ligamentum - which passes between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle

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9
Q

inguinal ligament

A

thickened, underturned, INFERIOR margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
from the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
forms boundaries of the inguinal canal

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10
Q

ingual canal function and its openings

A

develops in posterior abdominal cavity
oblique, inferiormedially directed passage (4 cm long) through inferior part of anterolateral abdominal wall
how the testis were able to be externalized
1. deep internal inguinal ring - entrance to the canal
2. superficial (external) inguinal ring - exit from the inguinal canal

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11
Q

contents of the inguinal canal

A

Spermatic cord: ductus deferens, testicular artery, sympathetic nerve fibers
Round Ligament of uterus (female) - ‘tether’ to uterus

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12
Q

inguinal Hernia

A

more common in males than females because wider canal
intestines passes into the scrotum or the groin
could occur if there is too much pressure in the abdominal

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13
Q

internal oblique muscle

attachment, innervation, and action

A

Attachments:
Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
ribs 10-12, LA
innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
action: compress, support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk to SAME SIDE

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14
Q

Transversus Abdominis (TA) Muscle
Attachments
Innervation
Action

A

Internal to the internal oblique muscle
Attachment : Ribs 7-12 costal cartilage, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia to LA, pubic crest (part of symphysis)
Innervation: Segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: Compress, support the abdominal viscera
These are horizontal and meant to protect

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15
Q

Transversailis fascia

A

Each of the three flat muscles is covered on its anterior and posterior surface by this layer of fascia

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16
Q

which layer of the transversalis fascia can we see? what is it continuous with?

A

layer deep to the transversus abdominus and is continuous with the fascia on the internal aspect of the abdominal wall (endoabdominal (EA) fascia)

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17
Q

what is deep to the transversalis fascia?

A

Extraperitoneal fascia which is a connective tissue and contains varrying amounts of fat

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18
Q

what is deep to the extraperitoneal fascia?

A

the peritoneum

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19
Q

Peritoneum

A

this is deep to the extraperitoneal fascia and is a thin serous membrane lining the abdominal walls and some viscera of the abdominal cavity

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20
Q

‘TEP’

A

Transversalis fascia - deep to the transversus abdominous
Extraperitoneal fascia - deep to transversalis fascia
Parietal peritoneum - serous membrane lining abdominal cavity - deep to the extraperitoneal

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21
Q

Layers of fascia

A

Superficial layer :fatty and membranous
Deep (investing) layers: envelop muscle layers
Transversalis fascia: Underlies (deep) to the TA muscle which is continous with the endoabdominal (EA) fascia
Extraperitoneal fascia
Peritoneum

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22
Q 
Rectus Abdominus 
Attachment
Innervation
Action , 
Direction of fibers
A

Vertical
Attachments: Pubic symphysis and pubic crest to xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7
Innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: compress, support abdominal viscera. flex trunk

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23
Q

what is significant about the rectus abdominal muscle?

A

IT IS SEGMENTED so it can contract in smaller units

it is segmented by the tendinous intersection

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24
Q

arcuate line

A

where we see a change in the direction of the fascia in the abdominal muscles (rectus sheath then transversalis fascia)

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25
rectus sheath
fascia surrounding the rectus abdominus muscle
26
above arcuate line?
rectus abdominus is covered on both sides by the rectus sheath
27
below the arcuate line?
posterior surface of the rectus muscle is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia
28
Superior Abdominal wall vasculature
Superior epigastric artery- terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery
29
Lateral abdominal wall vasculature
10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries - coming off aorta subcostal arteries
30
Inferior abdominal wall vasculature
inferior epigastric artery (from internal iliac artery)
31
Veins of abdominal wall
same as the arteries
32
where do the superior and inferior epigastric vessels
the superior and inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheath - so go in a vertical manner but they are posterior to the rectus muscle throughout their course
33
what do you have to do to see the inferior epigastric vessels?
they are posterior to the rectus abdominus - so have to lift it up and look at the inferior aspect
34
what is significant about the diaphragm being highly arched?
some of the abdominal cavity can be deep to the ribs and thus protected like the liver and spleen
35
peritoneum
continuous BILAYER transparent serous membrane - lining the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the viscera (organs)
36
parietal peritoneum
lining the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall (body cavity)
37
visceral peritoneum
around the viscera/organs such as the stomach and intestines
38
retroperitoneal organs
these do NOT possess a mesentary. Organs lie within the extraperitoneal layer of the abdominal wall SADPUCKER
39
mesentery
a double layer of peritoneum that suspends some abdominal organs from posterior coming forward
40
omentum
double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes between the stomach/duodenum and adjacent organs
41
lesser omentum
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver BETWEEN THE STOMACH/DUODENUM AND LIVER
42
greater omentum
prominent peritoneal fold fold that hangs down like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum
43
where does the greater omentum attach as it descends
anterior surface of the transverse colon and its mesentary
44
esophagus pass through where terminate where
continuous with the pharynx passes through the esophogeal hiatus at the level of T10 vertabra terminates by entering stomach at the cardiac region of the stomach
45
stomach regions
abdominal esophagus enters at cardia fundus body pyloric region
46
pyloric region
pylorus is thickened to form the pyloric spinchter into the duodenum
47
small intestine
duodenum(digestion) - jejunum - ileum(absorption)
48
T/F there are no gross anatomical features which distinguishes the three regions of the small intestine
True
49
``` large intestine function and regions ```
Colon Function- absorb salt and water Regions- cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon- descending colon - sigmoid colon
50
hepatic plexure
superior to transverse colon where liver would be right above on the RIGHT SIDE
51
splenic plexure
superior to the transverse colon before descending because spleen is right above - on the LEFT SIDE
52
teniae coli | begin where? and split to what?
thickened bands of smooth muscle representing most of the longitudinal muscle coat begin at the base of the appendix and split into three bands run the length of the large intestine and merge again at the rectosigmoid junction
53
haustra
teniae are shorter than the intestine, the colon becomes sacculated between the tenia and form the haustra like pouches in the large intestine
54
omentum appendages
fatty omentum-like projections are unique to large intestine
55
appendix and where does it arise
(veriform appendix) extends from the intestines and contains masses of lymphoid tissue arises from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum inferior to the ileocecal junction
56
liver : function and location
endocrine and exocrine functions location: normally on the right side and deep to ribs 7-11 (small portion will cross the midline) under the ribs but still in the abdominal cavity because of the arch of the diaphragm
57
four lobes of liver
right, left, caudate, and quadrate
58
porta hepatis
on the posterior aspect- point of entry for hepatic arteries and portal vein and point of exit for hepatic duct
59
caudate and quadrate lobe
caudate is superior on the posterior surface | quadrate is inferior of posterior surface - adjacent to the gallbladder
60
coronary ligament
connecting the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
61
hepatoduodental ligament
thick free edge of the lesser omentum - between the porta hepatis of liver and the duodenum
62
what does the hepatoduodenal ligament enclose?
portal triad, few lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the hepatic plexus of nerves
63
hepatogastric ligament
sheetlike remainder of the lesser omentum, extends between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach
64
portal vein
main channel of portal venous system as it collects poorly oxygenated blood but NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD from the abdominal part of the GI tract, including the gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen - carrying them to liver
65
hepatic vein
carries filtered blood from the liver to the IVC - inferior vena cava
66
hepatic artery
the parenchyma (functional tissue) of the liver is supplied by the hepatic artery
67
portal triad
portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver and the hepatic vein leaves to go into the IVC
68
portal vein is formed by the union of what?
splenic and superior mesenteric veins | also divides into right and left before entering the liver
69
portal vein is final common pathway for what organs?
spleen (splenic vein contributing), pancreas, gall bladder, GI tract
70
gall bladder; function and location
functionally - stores and concentrations bile | location: lies in the gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the liver
71
pancreas Function location regions of pancreas
function: enzyme production Location: NECK of pancreas overlies 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae HEAD is to the right and inferior to this plane BODY AND TAIL are to the left and superior to this level (1&2nd lumbar vertebrae)
72
ducts related to dueodenum
R+L hepatic duct to form common cystic duct - bile from gall bladder common bile duct from cystic and common hepatic pancreatic- from pancreas to dueodenym
73
kidneys function location
function: remove water, salt, etc. from the blood location : superior poles of the kidney lie deep to the 11th and 12th ribs also pretty far posterior
74
T/F the right kidney is lower than the left?
TRUE
75
hilum of kidney
concave medial border where the nerves and vessels enter and exit
76
ureter from kidney
expands at the hilum and forms renal pelvis
77
how many pyramids in a typical renal medulla
6-18 medullary pyramids
78
renal papilla
apex/tip of the pyramid and points towards the hilum - it is perforated by openings of collecting ducts
79
where do collecting ducts empty into
minor calyces
80
what forms the major calyx?
several minor calyces coming together
81
renal pelvis
major calyces come together to form this - it is the expanded end of the ureter
82
suprarenal (adrenal) gland
gland that is surrounded by a dense, fibroelastic capsule of connective tissue parenchyma of gland (functional tissue) is divided into two histologically and functionally different regions -cortex & medulla looks like a fatty mass on top of the kidneys
83
spleen; function and location
largest lymph organ with B and T lymphocytes Filters blood - digest bacteria and depleted red blood cells Location: deep to left 9th through 11 ribs (doesnt usually descend inferior to the costal margin
84
spleen receives blood via?
splenic artery - sill bring you to trunk of vessels
85
branches of abdominal aorta
anterior visceral to unpaired organs (GI and spleen) lateral visceral (paired organs - reproductive and kidneys) posterior parietal - paired lumbar and sacral regions
86
anterior visceral arteries
Celiac trunk - foregut superior mesenteric-midgut inferior mesenteric - hindgut
87
celiac trunk comes off? | supplies what
comes off the abdominal aorta and supplies foregut - esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen
88
superior mesenteric artery
supplying the midgut - jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending and 2/3 transverse colon
89
inferior mesenteric artery
supplying the hindgut- 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
90
major branches of the celiac trunk
left gastric artery splenic artery common hepatic artery
91
where does the right gastric artery arise from?
from the hepatic artery
92
superior mesenteric artery branches
``` inferior pancreatiocoduodenal artery jejunal and ileal arteries middle colic artery right colic artery ileocolic artery ```
93
inferior mesenteric artery branches
left colic artery sigmoid arteries superior rectal artery
94
lateral visceral arteries
inferior phrenic suprarenal renal reproductive
95
inferior vena cava begins where and by the union of what?
begins anterior to L5 vertebra by the union of the common iliac veins

Gross Anatomy (6 decks)

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