Terminology and Cells Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy Definition
A
Describes the study of structure within the human body and relationships between structures
2
Q
Major Divisions of Anatomy
A
Gross Anatomy = seen without magnification Histology = microscopic anatomy of tissues Systemic Anatomy = organ systems
Regional Anatomy = body regions
3
Q
Histology
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- Study of tissue structure
- Organ and tissue can be stained to highlight specific features
4
Q
Definition of Physiology
A
- Investigates functions of the body
- Focusses on activities at a cellular and molecular level
5
Q
Structural Complexity
A
Atom –> molecule –> organelle –> cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism
6
Q
Molecules
A
- Formed from combinations of differing atoms
- Major classes of organic molecules include:
o Carbohydrates
o Lipids
o Proteins
o Nucleic Acid
7
Q
Cells
A
- Smallest living organisms in body
- Bounded by a plasma membrane
- Contain functional subunits (organelles)
- Composed of differing organic molecules
8
Q
Tissues
A
- Composed of similar cell types
- Construct organs
- Four main types include
o Epithelial = forms lining of body structures
o Connective = found linking or supporting other structures
o Muscle = Generates movement
o Nervous = Transmits and processes information
9
Q
Organs
A
- Composed of multiple tissue types
- Performs a specific function in the body
10
Q
Integumentary System
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- Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissue, synthesizes Vitamin D,
- Hair, skin, nails, receptors, sweat and oil glands
11
Q
Skeletal System
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- Protects and support organs, provides framework for muscles, forms RBC
- Bones, Joints
12
Q
Muscular System
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- Locomotion, heat production, maintains posture
- Muscles
13
Q
Nervous System
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- Responds to internal and external stimuli, transmits information
- CNS and PNS
14
Q
Endocrine System
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- Secrete hormones (regulates growth, reproduction, metabolism)
- Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland
15
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
- Blood vessels transfer blood, carries oxygen, carbon dioxide
- Heart, blood vessels
16
Q
Lymphatic System
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- Returns fluid leaked from blood, houses WBC for immunity
- Spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, thymus
17
Q
Respiratory System
A
- Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Lungs, pharynx, nasal cavity
18
Q
Digestive System
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- Breaks down food
- Oral cavity, oesophagus, large intestine, small intestine
19
Q
Urinary System
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- Eliminated nitrogenous waste, regulate water, electrolyte-acid balance
- Urinary bladder, kidney ureter
20
Q
Reproductive System
A
- Penis, testes, ovaries, vagina, uterus = production of offspring
21
Q
Standard Anatomical Position
A
- Erect, facing viewer, feet close together and flat on floor, palms facing forward, arms by side
22
Q
Directional Terms
A
- Anterior = in front, towards the front
- Posterior = behind, towards the back
- Dorsal = At the back side
- Ventral = At the belly side
- Medial = Towards or at the midline
- Lateral = Away from the midline
- Superior = Towards the head
- Inferior = Towards the feet
- Proximal = Closer to the origin
- Distal = Away from the origin
23
Q
Planes
A
- Frontal/Coronal = Front and Back
- Sagittal = Left and Right
- Transverse = Top and Bottom
24
Q
Body Cavity Definition
A
- Enclosed spaces within the body which contain many internal organs
25
Body Cavity Examples
Dorsal Cavity
- Cranial Cavity (brain) (formed by the cranium)
- Vetebral Cavity (spinal cord) (formed by the vertebrae)
Ventral Cavity
- Thoracic (pleural, pericardial, mediastinum)
- Abdominopelvic
- Pelvic
26
Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity
Many organs are lined by double-layered serosa
- Outer Parietal Serosa (lines cavity wall)
- Inner Visceral Serosa (lines surface of internal organs)
- Lubricating serous fluid between layers of serosa
Functions
- Suspend organ
- Allow movement
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Pericardium
Serous membrane which lines the heart
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ATP
Energy from nutrients -> ATP -> provide energy for cellular activities
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Cell Membrane
Plasma membrane encloses the cell
o Fluid bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins
- Lipid Bilayer (50%)
- Integral Proteins (45%)
- Carbohydrates (5%)
Selectively permeable
30
Membrane Transport (Passive)
- Requires no energy input
- Molecules travel from high concentration to low
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Facilitated by:
- Simple diffusion (lipids)
• Gas or liquid molecules tend to spread themselves out
- Membrane pores (water)
- Ion channels (sodium, potassium)
- Facilitated Diffusion
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Osmosis
- Diffusion of water from higher concentration to an area of less
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Active Transport
- Requires the cell to supply energy
- Molecules move against a concentration or electrochemical gradient
The Sodium Potassium Pump
Membrane associated protein (ATPase)
Pumps 3 sodium ions (NA) out from cell
• Increases sodium concentration outside
Pumps 2 potassium ions (K) into cell
• Increase K concentration inside
Essential for nerve and muscle function
o Allows cells to set up chemical concentration gradients across membranes
Chemical gradient = potential energy
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Cytosol
- Semi-fluid portion of cell
- Components include
o 75-90% water
o Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
o Minerals, sodium, chloride
- Low levels of sodium, chloride
- High levels of potassium
- Ion gradients are established by active transport
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Cytoskeleton
- Filamentous proteins in cytoplasm
| - Provides structural support and allows movement
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Cilia
- Motile cellular extensions on cell surface
| - Microtubules are in a 9 + 2 arrangement
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Nucleus
- Controls cell function and reproduction
- Contains chromatin, DNA
- Nucleolus (protein, RNA)
37
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Synthesise many molecules in the cell
Rough ER
o Continuous with nucleus, contains ribosomes
o Involved in synthesis of proteins and phospholipids
Smooth ER
o Lack ribosomes
o Synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones and carbohydrates
o Detoxification (liver and kidney)
o Calcium Storage (skeletal and cardiac muscle)
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Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies proteins from RER (post translational modification)
- Sorts and packages proteins
- Synthesis of carbohydrates
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Mitochondrion
- Synthesises ATP for the cell
- Double membrane
- Inner membrane has folds called cristae
- Space between cristae (matrix)
- Contains enzymes involved in transferring energy from nutrients to ATP
40
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
o Maintained by physiological processes
o Essential to sustain life
Involves
o Receptors
o Control Centres
o Effectors
