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Anatomy and Physiology > Terminology and Cells > Flashcards

Terminology and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy Definition

A

Describes the study of structure within the human body and relationships between structures

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2
Q

Major Divisions of Anatomy

A

Gross Anatomy = seen without magnification Histology = microscopic anatomy of tissues Systemic Anatomy = organ systems
Regional Anatomy = body regions

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3
Q

Histology

A
  • Study of tissue structure

- Organ and tissue can be stained to highlight specific features

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4
Q

Definition of Physiology

A
  • Investigates functions of the body

- Focusses on activities at a cellular and molecular level

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5
Q

Structural Complexity

A

Atom –> molecule –> organelle –> cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism

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6
Q

Molecules

A
  • Formed from combinations of differing atoms
  • Major classes of organic molecules include:
    o Carbohydrates
    o Lipids
    o Proteins
    o Nucleic Acid
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7
Q

Cells

A
  • Smallest living organisms in body
  • Bounded by a plasma membrane
  • Contain functional subunits (organelles)
  • Composed of differing organic molecules
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8
Q

Tissues

A
  • Composed of similar cell types
  • Construct organs
  • Four main types include
    o Epithelial = forms lining of body structures
    o Connective = found linking or supporting other structures
    o Muscle = Generates movement
    o Nervous = Transmits and processes information
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9
Q

Organs

A
  • Composed of multiple tissue types

- Performs a specific function in the body

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10
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissue, synthesizes Vitamin D,
  • Hair, skin, nails, receptors, sweat and oil glands
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11
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • Protects and support organs, provides framework for muscles, forms RBC
  • Bones, Joints
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12
Q

Muscular System

A
  • Locomotion, heat production, maintains posture

- Muscles

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13
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Responds to internal and external stimuli, transmits information
  • CNS and PNS
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14
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • Secrete hormones (regulates growth, reproduction, metabolism)
  • Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland
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15
Q

Cardiovascular System

A
  • Blood vessels transfer blood, carries oxygen, carbon dioxide
  • Heart, blood vessels
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16
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • Returns fluid leaked from blood, houses WBC for immunity

- Spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, thymus

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17
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

- Lungs, pharynx, nasal cavity

18
Q

Digestive System

A
  • Breaks down food

- Oral cavity, oesophagus, large intestine, small intestine

19
Q

Urinary System

A
  • Eliminated nitrogenous waste, regulate water, electrolyte-acid balance
  • Urinary bladder, kidney ureter
20
Q

Reproductive System

A
  • Penis, testes, ovaries, vagina, uterus = production of offspring
21
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A
  • Erect, facing viewer, feet close together and flat on floor, palms facing forward, arms by side
22
Q

Directional Terms

A
  • Anterior = in front, towards the front
  • Posterior = behind, towards the back
  • Dorsal = At the back side
  • Ventral = At the belly side
  • Medial = Towards or at the midline
  • Lateral = Away from the midline
  • Superior = Towards the head
  • Inferior = Towards the feet
  • Proximal = Closer to the origin
  • Distal = Away from the origin
23
Q

Planes

A
  • Frontal/Coronal = Front and Back
  • Sagittal = Left and Right
  • Transverse = Top and Bottom
24
Q

Body Cavity Definition

A
  • Enclosed spaces within the body which contain many internal organs
25
Q

Body Cavity Examples

A

Dorsal Cavity

  • Cranial Cavity (brain) (formed by the cranium)
  • Vetebral Cavity (spinal cord) (formed by the vertebrae)

Ventral Cavity

  • Thoracic (pleural, pericardial, mediastinum)
  • Abdominopelvic
  • Pelvic
26
Q

Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity

A

Many organs are lined by double-layered serosa

  • Outer Parietal Serosa (lines cavity wall)
  • Inner Visceral Serosa (lines surface of internal organs)
  • Lubricating serous fluid between layers of serosa

Functions

  • Suspend organ
  • Allow movement
27
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane which lines the heart

28
Q

ATP

A

Energy from nutrients -> ATP -> provide energy for cellular activities

29
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Plasma membrane encloses the cell

o Fluid bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins

  • Lipid Bilayer (50%)
  • Integral Proteins (45%)
  • Carbohydrates (5%)

Selectively permeable

30
Q

Membrane Transport (Passive)

A
  • Requires no energy input
  • Molecules travel from high concentration to low
Facilitated by: 
- 	Simple diffusion (lipids)
•	Gas or liquid molecules tend to spread themselves out 
-	Membrane pores (water)
-	Ion channels (sodium, potassium) 
-	Facilitated Diffusion
31
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of water from higher concentration to an area of less
32
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Requires the cell to supply energy
  • Molecules move against a concentration or electrochemical gradient

The Sodium Potassium Pump
 Membrane associated protein (ATPase)
 Pumps 3 sodium ions (NA) out from cell
• Increases sodium concentration outside
 Pumps 2 potassium ions (K) into cell
• Increase K concentration inside
 Essential for nerve and muscle function
o Allows cells to set up chemical concentration gradients across membranes
 Chemical gradient = potential energy

33
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Semi-fluid portion of cell
  • Components include
    o 75-90% water
    o Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
    o Minerals, sodium, chloride
  • Low levels of sodium, chloride
  • High levels of potassium
  • Ion gradients are established by active transport
34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Filamentous proteins in cytoplasm

- Provides structural support and allows movement

35
Q

Cilia

A
  • Motile cellular extensions on cell surface

- Microtubules are in a 9 + 2 arrangement

36
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Controls cell function and reproduction
  • Contains chromatin, DNA
  • Nucleolus (protein, RNA)
37
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Synthesise many molecules in the cell

Rough ER
o Continuous with nucleus, contains ribosomes
o Involved in synthesis of proteins and phospholipids

Smooth ER
o Lack ribosomes
o Synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones and carbohydrates
o Detoxification (liver and kidney)
o Calcium Storage (skeletal and cardiac muscle)

38
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Modifies proteins from RER (post translational modification)
  • Sorts and packages proteins
  • Synthesis of carbohydrates
39
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • Synthesises ATP for the cell
  • Double membrane
  • Inner membrane has folds called cristae
  • Space between cristae (matrix)
  • Contains enzymes involved in transferring energy from nutrients to ATP
40
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
o Maintained by physiological processes
o Essential to sustain life

Involves
o Receptors
o Control Centres
o Effectors

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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