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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal Tissue and the Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissue and the Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton Overview

A
  • Composed of 206 bones

Provides
o Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

Histology

A
  • Skeleton formed primarily from connective tissues

o All CT contains cells and extra cellular matrix
o Matrix contains
 Fibres
 Ground Substance (between cells and fibres)
o Cartilage and bone tissue (different types of supportive CT)

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3
Q

Supportive Cartilage

A

Three Types include
o Hyaline Cartilage
o Fibrocartilage
o Elastic Cartilage

Function

  • Provides basic template for the foetal skeleton before bone formation
  • Binds and protects structures of the adult skeleton
  • Has properties of rubber, can bear weight, flexible
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4
Q

Cartilage (Cells and Matrix)

A

Cells = chondrocytes
o Cyte = mature cell
o Found in spaces called lacunae

Matrix
o Contains ground substance (composes of proteoglycans, creates flexible, resilient structures
o Many collagenous fibres (for tensile strength)

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5
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most abundant cartilage in the skeleton
  • Located at epiphyses of long bones, anterior end of ribs and airways
  • Matrix appears glass-like
  • Collagenous fibers are not visible
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6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Strongest of cartilages, many collagenous fibres

- Located in pad-like structures (knee menisci), intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis

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7
Q

Bone

A
  • A hard CT
  • Consists of cells and mineralised matrix
  • Strength and rigidity allows bones to support organs
Cells include
o	Osteoblast (build bone) 
o	Osteocyte (mature cell that maintains bone) 
o	Osteoclast (breaks down bone)
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8
Q

Matrix of Bone Tissue

A
  • 1/3 of bone matrix is collagenous fibres (provide strength and flexibility)
  • 2/3 of bone matrix is inorganic matter
    o 85% calcium phosphate salt
    o 10% calcium carbonate
  • Inorganic salts resist compression, allow bones to support without sagging
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9
Q

Compact and Cancellous Bone

A

Compact
o Makes up the dense outer layer of bone
o Main structural unit = osteon

Spongy
o Consists of interconnecting plates of bone (trabeculae)
o Contain spaces filled with bone marrow

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10
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Contain collagenous fibres in criss-crossing arrangements for structural reinforcements
  • Canaliculi link osteocytes to blood supply
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11
Q

Spongy Bone Anatomy

A

Porous lattice of bony struts called trabeculae
o Lacks true osteons
o Strong but light
o Cavities contain red marrow (source of new blood cells)

Found in abundance in short, flat and irregular bones

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

o Double-layered protective membrane lining external surface of bones
o Outer layer of fibrous CT
o Anchored to bone by Sharpey’s Fibres
o Inner osteogenic (bone forming) layer (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)

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13
Q

Endosteum

A

o Delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

o Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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14
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
  • Composed of compact bone
  • Surrounds the medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow)
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15
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • Expanded ends of long bones
  • Exterior = compact bone, Interior = Spongy Bone
  • Joint surface lined with articular (hyaline) cartilage
  • In immature bones, epiphyseal plate separates the diaphysis from epiphyses
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16
Q

Short, Flat and Irregular Bone Membranes

A
  • Thin plates of periosteum lined compact bone on the outside with endosteum lined spongy bone on the inside
  • Contains red bone marrow (between trabeculae)
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17
Q

Bone Formation

A
  • Before 8 weeks = embryonic skeleton is composed of membranes and hyaline cartilage
  • Bone begins to ossify (initial regions = primary ossification centres)
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18
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Produces mostly flat bones of the skull

- Develops from a fibrous membrane

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19
Q

Endochrondral Ossification

A
  • Produces most bones in skeleton below the skull
  • Hyaline cartilage is template material
  • Epiphyseal plate facilitates lengthwise growth of long bones until puberty
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20
Q

Bone Remodelling

A
  • Dynamic living tissue that is constantly broken down and reformed
  • Turnover allows the bone structure to meet changing physical stresses

Bone Resorption
o Osteoclasts degrade organic matrix
o Solubilise mineral matrix

Bone Deposition
o Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix
o Mineralisation follows

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21
Q

Articulations

A
  • Condyle (rounded knob that articulates with another bone)
  • Head (prominent expanded end of bone)
  • Facet (smooth flat, slightly convex or concave surface)
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22
Q

Projections

A
  • Epicondyle (projection superior to condyle)
  • Trochanter (large processes on femur)
  • Tubercle (small, rounded process)
  • Tuberosity (rough elevated surface)
  • Crest (narrow ridge)
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23
Q

Depressions

A
  • Meatus (canal-like passage)
  • Fossa (shallow depression)
  • Foramen (round or oval opening)
  • Fissure (slit-like opening)
24
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, Vertebral Column, Bony Thorax

25
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pectoral Girdle, Pelvic Girdle, Limbs

26
Q

The Skull

A

8 Cranial Bones surround cranial cavity
o Protects brain
o Attachments for head and neck muscles

14 Facial Bones supporting teeth and forming nasal cavity and orbit
o Provide openings for food liquid and air
o Attachments for facial and jaw muscles

6 Auditory Ossicles in the middle ear

27
Q

Cranial Fossa

A
  • Anterior fossa (supports frontal lobe)
  • Middle fossa (supports temporal lobe)
  • Posterior fossa (supports cerebellum)
28
Q

The Nasal Cavity

A

Cavity posterior to external nose
o Constructed of bone and cartilage
o Divided into right and left parts by nasal septum
o Helps warm, moisten and purify air

29
Q

Sutures of the Skull

A
  • Immovable fibrous joints, forms boundaries between the cranial bones
  • Sutures fuse in adulthood

Sagittal Suture
o Links left and right parietal bones

Coronal/Frontal Suture
o Links frontal bone to parietal bones

Lambdoidal Suture
o Links occipital bone to parietal bones

30
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Contained air spaces called the paranasal sinuses
o Lighten skull/humidify air
o Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar (respiratory) epithelium

Open into nasal cavity via ducts

31
Q

The Orbits

A
  • Bony cavities which encase the eyeball

- Formed by parts of 7 bones

32
Q

Frontal Bone

A
  • Single bone forms forehead/cranial roof
  • Forms roof of orbits
  • Contains frontal sinuses
  • Forms most of anterior cranial fossa
33
Q

Parietal Bones

A
  • Form rood and lateral walls of cranium
  • Contain temporal lines (thickened region of bones, arching across parietal and frontal bones)
  • Points of attachment for temporalis muscle
34
Q

Temporal Bone

A
  • Form lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity

Features include
o Mastoid Process
 Conical process (attachment point for sternocleidomastoid muscle)

o Styloid Process
 Slender process, anterior and medial to mastoid process (attachment for muscles/ligaments)

o External Acoustic Meatus
 Canal adjacent to middle ear (tympanic membrane)

35
Q

Middle Ear Anatomy

A
  • Each temporal bone contains 3 auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
    o Facilitate the perception of sound
36
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Rear and base of skull
o Foramen magnum – surrounds spinal cord
o Occipital Condyles – skull rests on atlas
o Jugular Foramen – allows passage for cranial nerves and blood vessels (e.g., internal jugular vein)

37
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A
  • Butterfly shaped, spans width of middle cranial fossa
  • Articulates with all other cranial bones
  • Sella turcica – houses pituitary gland
  • Greater and lesser wings
  • Contains air sinus, numerous foramina
38
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A
  • Located medial to orbits
  • Forms lateral walls and roof of nasal cavity
  • Contains air sinuses
  • Perpendicular plate forms part nasal septum
  • Contain superior and middle conchae
39
Q

Maxillae

A
  • Two medially fused bones (form superior jaw)
  • All facial bones except mandible articulate with it
  • Holds upper teeth and contain air sinuses
  • Palatine process contributes to hard palate (roof of mouth)
40
Q

Mandible

A
  • Only moveable bone in skull
  • Holds lower teeth

Features include
o Coronoid Process (attachment point for muscles of mastication)
o Mandibular Condyles (articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone)

41
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A
  • Form prominence of cheeks and inferolateral margins of the orbits
  • Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal bones
42
Q

Nasal and Lacrimal Bone

A

Nasal Bones
o 2 medially fused bones (form bridge of nose)

Lacrimal Bones
o 2 bones contributing to medial wall of orbits

43
Q

Palatine Bones

A

o Form portions of hard palate, orbits, lateral walls of nasal cavities

44
Q

Vomer

A

o Plough-shaped bone that forms part of nasal septum

45
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

o 2 curved bones (form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity)

46
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 26 bones (24 individual vertebrae)
  • Fused vertebrae from sacrum and coccyx

Functions
o Provide support, maintain upright body position, housing and protecting spinal cord

47
Q

General Vertebrae Structure

A

Body

  • Disk-shaped anterior portion
  • Weight bearing structure of vertebra

Vertebral Arch

  • Extends posteriorly from body
  • Surrounds vertebral foramen (spinal cord)

Processes

  • Seven process arise from arch
  • Points of attachment for muscles
  • Articulate with other vertebrae
48
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • 7 small superior vertebrae (3 atypical – C1/Atlas, C2/Axis, C7)
  • Relatively small and large vertebral foramen
  • Transverse process short with transverse foramen for vertebral arteries
  • Bifid spinous in C2 to C6
49
Q

Atlas and Axis

A

Atlas

  • No body or spinous process
  • Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles of skull

Axis

  • Has knoblike odontoid process
  • Provides pivot for rotation of Atlas
  • Articulation between C1 and C2 facilitates rotation of the head
50
Q

Thoracic vs Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Thoracic

  • Heart-shaped body
  • Long spinous processes angled inferiorly
  • Costal facets for articulation with ribs

Lumbar

  • Large kidney shaped bodies
  • Relatively short processes
51
Q

Sacrum vs Coccyx

A

Sacrum

  • Formed by 5 fused vertebrae
  • Articulates with coxal bones of pelvis

Coccyx
- Formed by 4 fused vertebrae

52
Q

Bony Thorax

A

Consists of the:

  • Thoracic vertebrae (posteriorly)
  • Ribs (laterally)
  • Sternum (anteriorly)

Functions

  • Protection
  • Attachment point for muscles for support pectoral girdles, chest, neck, shoulders, back, muscles in respiration
53
Q

Sternum

A
  • Bony plate anterior to heart
  • Articulates with clavicle and costal cartilages
  • Adult sternum consists of:
    o Manubrium Sterni
    o Body/Corpus
    o Xiphisternum (Xiphoid Process)
54
Q

Ribs

A
  • Includes 12 pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum
  • All ribs have posterior articulations with thoracic vertebrae

True Ribs
- Superior 7 ribs of ribs attach to sternum via costal cartilage strips

False Ribs

  • Ribs 8-10 (attach indirectly to sternum via a common cartilage strip)
  • Ribs 11-12 (lack anterior attachment and are also termed floating ribs)
55
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • Lies inferior to mandible
  • Only bone to not articulate with another bone
  • Provides attachment for neck muscles involved with raising the larynx during speech and swallowing

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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