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Anatomy and Physiology > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A
  • Bones articulate at joint

- Allow movement and stability

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2
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A

Synarthrosis – Immobile
Amphiarthrosis – Slightly Mobile
Diarthrosis – Freely Mobile

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3
Q

Structural Classification of Joints

A

Fibrous – Dense CT
Cartilaginous – Hyaline or Fibrocartilage
Synovial – Ligaments (contains synovial cavity and fluid)
Synostosis – Bone

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4
Q

Fibrous Joint: Suture

A
  • Bones linked by thin layer of fibrous CT
  • Interlocking edges
  • Located in skull
  • Immovable
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5
Q

Fibrous Joint: Syndesmosis

A
  • May be slightly moveable
  • Forms interosseous membrane or ligament
    o Bones held together by collagenous fibres
  • More CT linking bones than in sutures
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6
Q

Cartilaginous Joint Types: Synchondrosis

A

Hyaline cartilage links bone

o Can facilitate longitudinal growth of immature long bones (epiphyseal plate)

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7
Q

Cartilaginous Joint Types: Symphysis

A

Bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage
o Compressible, strong, flexible
o Limited movement possible

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8
Q

Synovial Joint

A
  • Most type of joint

- Typically, diarthroses

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9
Q

Classifying Synovial Joints

A

Axes of Movement
- Nonaxial, Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial

Shape
- Plane/Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket

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10
Q

Gliding (Plane) Synovial Joints

A
  • Articular surfaces are essentially flat
  • Allow short gliding movements (nonaxial)
  • Some can be classified as amphiarthroses
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11
Q

Hinge Synovial Joint

A
  • Cylindrical projection (convex) fits into trough-shaped surface (concave) of another bone
  • Motion is along a single plane (uniaxial – permitting extension and flexion)
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12
Q

Pivot/Trochoidal Synovial Joint

A
  • Allows rotation along the axis of the bone (uniaxial)

- Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve composed of bone or ligaments

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13
Q

Condyloid Synovial Joint

A
  • Permits movement in 2 planes (biaxial)

- Oval-shaped (convex) articular surface fits into complimentary depression (concave) of another bone

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14
Q

Saddle/Sellar Joint

A
  • Permits significant movement in different planes (multiaxial)
  • Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
  • E.g., carpometacarpal joint
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15
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A
  • Freely moveable joint (multiaxial)

- Spherical head of one bone articulates with a cup-shaped socket of another bone

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16
Q

Synovial Joint: The Shoulder Joint

A
  • Glenohumeral or Humeroscapular Joint (Ball and Socket articulation)
  • Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity
    o Relatively shallow and loose joint
    o Freely moveable joint

Supported by:
o Ligaments
o Tendons of muscles
o Rotator cuff muscles

17
Q

Shoulder Joint: Articulating Surfaces

A
  • 1/3 of head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity

- Very moveable by liable to dislocation

18
Q

Shoulder Joint: Ligaments and Tendons

A
  • Improve stability of shoulder joint
  • Tendon of the long head of the Biceps brachii stabilises joint
    o Secured by the transverse humeral ligament
19
Q

Synovial Joint: The Hip Joint

A
  • Coxal Joint
  • Ball and Socket articulation (multiaxial)
  • Head of femur articulates with acetabulum of coxal bone
    o Acetabulum forms deep socket for head of femur
    o More stable than shoulder joint (less moveable)

Joint supported by:

  • Ligaments
  • Tendons of thigh and hip muscles
20
Q

Synovial Joint: The Knee Joint

A
  • Articulation between femur, tibia, patella
    o One of the largest/most complex synovial joints in the body
  • Primarily a hinge joint
    o Joint capsule encloses posterior/medial aspects
    o Extensions of quadriceps tendon cover anterior aspect
21
Q

Knee Joint Ligaments

A

Complex array of ligaments inside/outside the articular capsule
o Intracapsular ligaments are relatively uncommon

Intracapsular cruciate ligaments cross each other to form an X
o Prevent forward or backward displacement of tibia

Extracapsular collateral ligaments limit rotation of the extended knee

22
Q

Knee Joint: Menisci

A

Contains two crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage (lateral and medial menisci)
o Absorb shock – prevent femur rocking from side to side on the tibia

23
Q

Joint Movements

A

At anatomical position, joints are in their zero position

24
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces angle between articulating elements

25
Q

Extension

A

Increases angle between articulating elements

26
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movements away from midline

27
Q

Adduction

A

Medial movement towards the midline

28
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Conical Movement

- Tip remains stationary while shaft describes a circle

29
Q

Rotation

A

Circular movement along axis of a bone

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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