Terminology 2

Question 1

what does differentiation (grade) refer to

Answer 1

how normal does the neoplastic tissue look

Question 2

well-differentiated (1)

Answer 2

having trouble calling it cancer but it is cancer

Question 3

moderately differentiated

Answer 3

no problem calling it a specific kind of cancer

Question 4

poorly differentiated

Answer 4

its cancer but can’t figure out what kind

Question 5

anaplasia

Answer 5

lack of diferentiation

Question 6

pleomorphism

Answer 6

many sizes,

POORLY UNIFORM

Question 7

hyperchromasia

Answer 7

darker nuclei -excess chromatin

Question 8

what does anaplasia look like

Answer 8

pleomorphism
high nuclear: cytoplasmic 
hyperchiromasia 
mitosis atypical 
loss of polarity 
giant cells
necrosis

Question 9

how differentiated are benign tumors

Answer 9

always well-differenciated

Question 10

how differentiated are malignant tumors

Answer 10

always some degree of loss of differentiation

Question 11

metaplasia

Answer 11

replacement of one NORMAL cell type with a different NORMAL cell type

Question 12

when does metaplasia usually occur

Answer 12

reparative/protective process

Question 13

dysplasia

Answer 13

disordered growth

NEOPLASTIC replacement of NORMAL cells by ABNORMAL cells

Question 14

what is carcinoma in situ known as

Answer 14

severe dysplasia

high-grade dysplasia

Question 15

carcinoma in situ, what happens to the epithelium and where does it usually not go

Answer 15

full thickness changes in epithelium

basement membrane

Question 16

what is called when carcinoma in situ invades the basement membrane

Answer 16

invasive

Question 17

tumor stage

Answer 17

where/location is the tumor

Question 18

what are two types of tumor stage

Answer 18

clinical

pathologic

Question 19

what system is used for the pathological stage

Answer 19

TNM system

Question 20

what does the TNM system stand for

Answer 20

Tumor size & extent of invasion
lymph nodes- # & location
Metastasis

Question 21

what is better used for prognosis of cancer based on stats

Answer 21

STAGE then grade

Question 22

what pattern does tumor growth follow

Answer 22

exponential

Question 23

rate of growth

Answer 23

number of cells above replacement

Question 24

what is rate of growth limited by

Answer 24

doubling time 
growth factor ( replicative pool)   
rate cells die

Question 25

what types of cancer have a high turnover rate

Answer 25

colon and breast

Question 26

what do chemotherapy drugs target

Answer 26

proliferating cells

Question 27

how fast do well-differentiated tumors grow than poorly-differentiated tumors

Answer 27

slower

Question 28

what influences tumor rate of growth

Answer 28

hormones stimulation

blood supply

Question 29

how do normal stem cells divide

Answer 29

asymmetrically

Question 30

cancer stem cell

Answer 30

immortality

Question 31

tumor-initiating cells

Answer 31

transplanted cells grow and maintain indefinitely in immunodeficient mice

Question 32

Warburg effect

Answer 32

tumor lacks oxygen dependent ATP generation from mitochondria and rely on aerobic glycolysis

Question 33

what is an advantage for cancer cells based on warburg effect

Answer 33

don’t clear kerb cycle intermediates, now available for catabolic building

Question 34

what does PET measure

Answer 34

uptake of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose by tumor

-evidence for warburg effect