Terminology 2 Flashcards
what does differentiation (grade) refer to
how normal does the neoplastic tissue look
well-differentiated (1)
having trouble calling it cancer but it is cancer
moderately differentiated
no problem calling it a specific kind of cancer
poorly differentiated
its cancer but can’t figure out what kind
anaplasia
lack of diferentiation
pleomorphism
many sizes,
POORLY UNIFORM
hyperchromasia
darker nuclei -excess chromatin
what does anaplasia look like
pleomorphism high nuclear: cytoplasmic hyperchiromasia mitosis atypical loss of polarity giant cells necrosis
how differentiated are benign tumors
always well-differenciated
how differentiated are malignant tumors
always some degree of loss of differentiation
metaplasia
replacement of one NORMAL cell type with a different NORMAL cell type
when does metaplasia usually occur
reparative/protective process
dysplasia
disordered growth
NEOPLASTIC replacement of NORMAL cells by ABNORMAL cells
what is carcinoma in situ known as
severe dysplasia
high-grade dysplasia
carcinoma in situ, what happens to the epithelium and where does it usually not go
full thickness changes in epithelium
basement membrane
what is called when carcinoma in situ invades the basement membrane
invasive
tumor stage
where/location is the tumor
what are two types of tumor stage
clinical
pathologic
what system is used for the pathological stage
TNM system
what does the TNM system stand for
Tumor size & extent of invasion
lymph nodes- # & location
Metastasis
what is better used for prognosis of cancer based on stats
STAGE then grade
what pattern does tumor growth follow
exponential
rate of growth
number of cells above replacement
what is rate of growth limited by
doubling time growth factor ( replicative pool) rate cells die
