Term 3 Chapter 5.4 & 5.5 Flashcards
Difference in binary fission in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-celled organisms.
Prokaryotic like bacteria reproduce by making a copy of the DNA and splitting it into two identical offspring or daughter cells however eukaryotic unicellular organism reproduces by mitosis and cell division to produce identical offspring (clones) too.
Difference in budding - unicellular and multicellular organism
In unicellular organisms the bud is a single cell. In multicellular organisms the bud grows by cell divisions becoming multicellular before falling into a new organism.
Two functions ‘regeneration’ can lead to.
Fragmentation and Vegetative Reproduction.
Comparison of sexual and asexual production.
⇒ Advantages/disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
It allows for rapid populating.
It does not need mates, so does not require mobility.
It is friendly to the environment and handy in case of emergency. It hinders diversity.
⇒ Advantages/disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
There is diversity in the genetic makeup of the individuals produced by sexual reproduction, since both the parents are involved, the newly formed individuals have the attributes of both. The species produced by sexual reproduction survive more than those produced by asexual reproduction. This is because genetic variations help them to adapt to different environments.
The diversity of life on earth is possible because of the combination of genetic materials from two parents.
Time consuming.
Binary fission
Binary Fission: the simplest kind of asexual production
Budding
Budding: a process in which an organism develops tiny buds on its body each having the same genetic material as a parent cells
Fragmentation
Fragmentation: fragmentation is where the parent body breaks into pieces which each develops into offspring. Example – starfish
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis: Parthenogenesis is where a female organisms eggs develop into young without fertilization. Example - some species of snake and wasp
Vegetative Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction: vegetative reproduction is where a parent produces offspring without fertilization. Example - cutting of plants
Generation Time
Generation Time: The rate of reproduction
Relationship between: Genes and heredity.
Heredity is the passing of Genes from parents to offspring.
Difference between acquired traits and inherited traits with examples.
Some traits are acquired, not inherited, which means the trait is developed during your lifetime. Acquired traits may be learned traits like speaking different languages or due to the influence of the environment you live in- your skin tone.
Some traits are both inherited and acquired. For example, skin color has both an inherited component and an environmental one.
Functions that genes serve
Genes code for proteins that are expressed as your traits; all your traits are described by these genes.
The function of the X- and the Y- chromosomes.
A copy of an X and a Y chromosome in each cell is associated with males, whereas females have two copies of X chromosomes in each cell.
Explanation of karyotype banding?
The genes appear layered on our chromosomes in a very specific way – like a road map. This is called karyotype banding. If we know where each gene is located, we can find it on anyone’s chromosomes. This is very useful when looking for specific genes that may cause a deadly disease.
The definition of the human genome.
Human Genome: All of the human chromosomes and genes
The purpose of the human genome project?
The human genome has been mapped. As a result of the mapping of the human genome, during what is known as the human genome project (HGP) we now know there are approximately 20,500 human genes.
Summarization of the patterns shown in Mendel’s experiments with height in three steps.
● Parent generation: One true-breeding for regular height ( homozygous dominant-Tall- TT) and the other true-breeding for dwarf height (homozygous recessive- dwarf- tt) and cross-pollinated.
● The first generation: The true-bred cross-pollinated parent generation produced all regular height plants in the ratio of 4:4. The dwarf trait completely disappeared in these first-generation offspring plants.
● The second generation: Allowing the first-generation plants to self-pollinate resulted in the second- generation offspring – 3⁄4 regular and 1⁄4 dwarf pea plants. (Ratio-3:1) The dwarf trait reappeared in the second-generation plants.
The three conclusions that Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants
- Traits were passed down from one generation to the next generation.
- There must be two factors for each possible trait, one factor from each parent.
- Some traits could be masked by the other dominant traits.
The uniqueness of the pea plant traits that Gregor Mendel chose to study.
Some plants were tall, and some were short, some had wrinkled pods, and some had smooth pods, some pods were green, and some were yellow, the flowers were white or purple.
Differentiate between Phenotype and Genotype
Phenotype is what is visible physically and genotype is what we cannot see. Phenotype may be the genes of black eyes and genotype may be the genes of blue eyes.
Differentiate between Recessive and Domain
Dominant trait is always expressed. If there is also one dominant trait, it will be expressed but a recessive trait can only be expressed when there are two of them. Example: having a straight hairline is recessive, while having a widow’s peak (a V-shaped hairline near the forehead) is dominant.
Analyse: Why a person with an allele for a particular trait may not have a phenotype that shows the trait.
That person may not have a phenotype that shows the trait because that trait must be recessive, and that person is heterozygous.
