Final Exam Preparation Flashcards
What is Power, the unit of measurement and the 2 formulas of power?
Power is the rate at which you do work. The unit measurement for power is watt.
Power is work over time
Or
Power is energy over time
What is Horsepower?
the amount of work a horse can do in a minute.
1 horsepower = 746 watts of power.
What is Mechanical advantage?
The factor by which it multiplies the force applied to the machine.
Mechanical advantage is output force over input force
What is a Lever?
A liver is a solid bar that rotates, or turns, around a fixed point.
What is a Fulcrum?
The fixed point where the liver rotates/turns/pivots on.
What are Nucleotides?
A very long chain of nucleotides makes the DNA. Nucleotides hook together to make the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA.
Nucleotides are composed of three main parts:
- a phosphate group.
- a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA).
- a nitrogen-containing base.
What are Alleles?
2 variants of each genes
What are Sister chromatids?
two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are connected by a centromere.
What is Chromatin?
loose mass of strands. They bound the proteins.
What is DNA?
DNA is a helical molecule made of a very long chain of nucleotides.
What is Human genome?
All of the human chromosomes and genes / All the genetic material in an organism.
What is Cancer?
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells—a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle.
What are Carcinogens?
Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer are called carcinogens.
What is Dominant and recessive?
A dominant trait is always expressed. If there is also one dominant trait, it will be expressed but a recessive trait can only be expressed when there are two of them.
What is Homozygous and heterozygous?
Homozygous – code for the same trait, heterozygous – different traits
What is Phenotype and genotype?
Phenotype is what is visible physically and genotype is what we cannot see.
What are Gametes?
Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg cell) that have half the number (n) of chromosomes.
What is X and y chromosomes?
the 23rd pair- the sex chromosomes, is either an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. A copy of an X and a Y chromosome in each cell is associated with males, whereas females have two copies of X chromosomes in each cell.
What are Autosomes?
The first 22 pairs of the chromosomes are autosomes and the 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes.
What are Somatic and sex cells?
Somatic cells have a diploid number of chromosomes, which is 46 chromosomes, while sex cells have a haploid number of chromosomes, which is a total of 23 chromosomes. Somatic cells are the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells and sex cells are the cells in the sperm and the egg cells.
What is Haploid and diploid?
Haploid is a cell with n number of chromosomes whereas diploid is a cell that contains 2n number of chromosomes.
What is Gene expression?
The process by which the DNA’s instructions are converted into a functional product, such as a protein, is called Gene expression.
What is Mutation?
A permanent change in the sequence of DNA is known as a mutation.
What is Genetic engineering?
It is the process in which a sequence of DNA from an organism is first isolated, then inserted into the DNA of another organism, changing that organism’s DNA.
What is cloning?
Cloning is a technique that uses technology to make copies
Compare and contrast: Sexual and asexual reproduction
⇒ Advantages/disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
It allows for rapid populating.
It does not need mates, so does not require mobility.
It is friendly to the environment and handy in case of emergency. It hinders diversity.
⇒ Advantages/disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
There is diversity in the genetic makeup of the individuals produced by sexual reproduction, since both the parents are involved, the newly formed individuals have the attributes of both. The species produced by sexual reproduction survive more than those produced by asexual reproduction. This is because genetic variations help them to adapt to different environments.
The diversity of life on earth is possible because of the combination of genetic materials from two parents.
Time consuming.
Compare and contrast: Acquired traits and inherited traits
Many of your traits may resemble those your parents have, including your hair colour, eye colour, and blood type. These characteristics are called inherited traits.
Some traits are acquired, which means the trait is developed during your lifetime. Acquired traits may be learned traits like speaking different languages or due to the influence of the environment you live in- your skin tone.
Some traits are both inherited and acquired. For example, skin colour has both an inherited component and an environmental one.
Compare and contrast: Cytokinesis in plants and animals
- Animal cells: The cells contract inwards, forming a cleavage furrow at the equator, pinching inwards, and dividing into daughter cells.
- Plant cells: a cell plate - made of the cell membrane and cell wall- forms, dividing the daughter cells.
Compare and contrast: DNA and RNA
- DNA Nucleotides are composed of three main parts:
• a phosphate group.
• a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA).
• a nitrogen-containing base.
There are four kinds of “base pairs”
– A is for Adenine - always pairs with T is for Thymine
– G is for Guanine - always pairs with C is for Cytosine - RNA Structure - RNA (Ribose nucleic acid) structure
• Single strand molecule
• Contains ribose sugar, NOT deoxyribose sugar.
• Phosphate group
• the base uracil (U) replaces the thymine (T) found in 4 nitrogen bases of the DNA
There are four kinds of “base pairs”
– A is for Adenine - always pairs with U is for Uracil
– G is for Guanine - always pairs with C is for Cytosine
Compare and contrast: Transcription and Translation
In Transcription, the information in the DNA of every cell is copied to produce a portable RNA transcript called messenger RNA (mRNA).
During Translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.
• Transcription - copying part of DNA into a complementary strand of RNA. Takes place in the nucleus of the cell.
- RNA polymerase (enzyme) binds to DNA and unzips a portion of the strand at specific genes.
- One side of the DNA is used to make a complementary RNA strand (wherever there is an adenine on the DNA strand, there will be uracil on the RNA strand)
Adenine – Uracil; Cytosine- Guanine - The transcribed mRNA moves to the cytoplasm.
• Translation- the decoding of the mRNA’s message into a protein; takes place in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
- mRNA attaches to the ribosome.
- As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA, the anti-codon.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the amino acid on one side and attaches to the mRNA ribosome on the other side.
• It is called the anticodon, as it has complementary base codes.
• The ribosome breaks the bonds that hold tRNA to amino acids and also releases tRNA off the ribosome. - The polypeptide chain continues until mRNA reads stop codon, completing the translation.
- PRODUCT- PROTEIN!
What is frameshift mutation?
If a single base is deleted or inserted, - there can be huge effects on the organism, because this may cause a frameshift mutation.
If the reading frame is off by even one base, the resulting sequence will consist of an entirely different set of codons.
Compare and contrast: Scientific and customary definition of work
The scientific definition of work states that work is the use of force to move an object but the custom definition states that using any force/energy is work; ex: reading and thinking.