Term 1

Question 1

Write the order of the organs through which food passes through the digestive system.

Answer 1

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

Question 2

Name the accessory organs and write their functions

Answer 2

The pancreas, liver and gallbladder

The pancreas: Produces enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; helps in the absorption of food substances and lowers the acidity in the small intestine.

Liver: it is the largest internal organ of the body, it filters the blood from toxic substances, store is the needed nutrients for later use, produces bile which breaks down fats, breaks down medicines, and produces important proteins that helps in clotting of the blood.

Gallbladder: It stores is the bile produced by the liver and separates it into the small intestine.

Question 3

The chemical equations for Photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Answer 3

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration: C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 4

Define tipping point

Answer 4

The critical point at which a series of small changes or incidents becomes significant enough to cause a larger, more important change that is unstoppable.

Question 5

Five main causes of loss of biodiversity and suggested solutions.

Answer 5

Causes

1. Habitat Loss
2. Invasive Species
3. Climate Change
4. Over-hunting / Over-harvesting
5. Pollution

Solution: Laws should be made

Question 6

Characteristic of a healthy environment and healthy biodiversity.

Answer 6

• Less Deforestation
• Maintained temperature
• Less waste found in the water
• Clean Air
• More trees around you
• Protect Freshwater resources
• Contribute to climate stability
• Provide more food resources
• Variation in Species
• More Habitats

Question 7

What are Hydrocarbons and monomers?

Answer 7

Hydrocarbons are carbon-based compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen and monomers are small repeating units from which polymers are made.

Question 8

Name the first-ever plastic made and the first-ever artificial plastic?

Answer 8

• First plastic: Celluloid

- First Artificial Plastic: Bakelite

Question 9

Difference between Nomex and Kevlar.

Answer 9

Nomex is used to make fireproof clothing worn by firefighters. Kevler is used in bullet proof vests one by police officers and police dogs. They both are isomers (same atoms different structures).

Question 10

What is Fraction distillation?

Answer 10

Fraction distillation is a process in which the hydrocarbons in petroleum can be separated to different boiling points. It is a physical property.

Question 11

Difference Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell

Answer 11

Eukaryotic cells have organelles which includes a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are unicellular

Question 12

What is Passive transport?

Answer 12

Substances move across membranes without any energy involved. These substances move from high concentration to an area of low concentration following the concentration gradient.

Question 13

What is Active transport?

Answer 13

Active transport uses energy to move substances against (up) a concentration gradient or across a partially permeable membrane.

Question 14

What is Diffusion?

Answer 14

Diffusion is the spelling out of the particles / molecules of a gas or any substance by the random movement or by the concentration gradient.

Question 15

What is osmosis?

Answer 15

Osmosis is the movement of water through a partially permeable membrane down a concentration gradient

Question 16

What is endocytosis?

Answer 16

Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances through active transport-from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle when the cell membrane folds in on itself. The vesicle breaks off and is transported within the cell.

Question 17

What is exocytosis?

Answer 17

Exocytosis is the process by which cells move materials through active transport -from within the cell into the extracellular fluid. A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell.

Question 18

Difference: carbohydrates and lipids, Saturated and unsaturated fat, trans fats, phospholipids

Answer 18

• Carbohydrates: compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a CHO ratio of 1:2:1.
  Includes glucose, starches, cellulose, and glycogen that are made by linking sugars - glucose - to form larger macromolecules.
  This serves 2 main functions- they are a source of chemical energy for cells in many living things, they are also part of the structural materials of plants.
• Lipids: are molecules made mostly of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
  make up the fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and other components.
• Saturated Fats: Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats because
  no more hydrogens can bond to the tail. Found in butter, palm oil, all red meat, processed meats like salami. They are called
  bad fats.
• Unsaturated fats: Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain can accommodate at least one more hydrogen and are called unsaturated fats. They are good fats.
• Trans fats: They are made when hydrogen is added to liquid unsaturated fat to convert to saturated solid fats, usually to increase shelf life, and they are also called hydrogenated oils. Foods that are more likely to contain trans fats are- fried items, pie crusts, stick margarine, ready-to-use frosting, coffee creamers, microwave popcorn and frozen pizza, cookies. They are the worst fats.
• Phospholipids: It is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane.

Question 19

What is Photosynthesis?

Answer 19

Photosynthesis is the process of transferring solar energy to chemical energy. It is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the chloroplast of plant cells.

Question 20

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 20

Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose, release the stored energy to make ATP. cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all organisms

Question 21

Respiration takes place in the _____, while photosynthesis takes place in the _____

Answer 21

Respiration takes place in the Mitochondria, while photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of the plant cells

Question 22

The enzyme _____ is found in the saliva, _____ breaks proteins in the stomach and _____ breaks lipids.

Answer 22

The enzyme Amylase is found in the saliva, pepsin breaks proteins in the stomach and lipase breaks lipids.

Question 23

What is Hydrolysis?

Answer 23

Breaking of any macromolecules into its subunits by using water is Hydrolysis.

Question 24

The two main micronutrients are: ____ and _____

Answer 24

The two main micronutrients are: Vitamins and minerals

Question 25

The sugar molecule is broken down into two C3 molecules during Glycolysis called _____

Answer 25

The sugar molecule is broken down into two C3 molecules during Glycolysis called: *pyruvic acid*

Question 26

The lack of oxygen during strenuous exercises can cause a buildup of _____ due to the process of _____, this can be remedied by _____

Answer 26

The lack of oxygen during strenuous exercises can cause a buildup of *Lactic acid* due to the process of *fermentation*, this can be remedied by *stopping and resting*

Question 27

The light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis uses _____ to produce _____ and ATP

Answer 27

The light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis uses *sunlight* to produce *oxygen* and ATP

Question 28

The end products of photosynthesis are: _____ and _____

Answer 28

The end products of photosynthesis are: Glucose (C6 H12 O6) and Oxygen

Question 29

The bile from the gall bladder, a necessary organ, is needed to break down: ____

Answer 29

The bile from the gall bladder, a necessary organ, is needed to break down: fats

Question 30

The presence of _____ in the small intestines helps the nutrients to diffuse into the bloodstream.

Answer 30

The presence of *villi* in the small intestines helps the nutrients to diffuse into the bloodstream.

Question 31

The movement of bolus along the esophagus is called: _____

Answer 31

The movement of bolus along the esophagus is called: peristalsis

Question 32

The reabsorption of water takes place in the _____

Answer 32

The reabsorption of water takes place in the large intestine

Question 33

The food (bolus) is acted upon by digestive enzymes and turns into chyme in the: _____

Answer 33

The food (bolus) is acted upon by digestive enzymes and turns into chyme in the: stomach by gastric acid

Question 34

The process through which hormones and proteins are expelled from the cell membrane: _____

Answer 34

The process through which hormones and proteins are expelled from the cell membrane: Exocytosis

Question 35

The process through which cells take in molecules against the concentration gradient: _____

Answer 35

The process through which cells take in molecules against the concentration gradient: Active transport

Question 36

The process in which plant cells can lose water from their central vacuole through their semipermeable membrane: _____

Answer 36

The process in which plant cells can lose water from their central vacuole through their semipermeable membrane: osmosis

Question 37

The main difference between saturated and unsaturated fats is that saturated fats have: _____

Answer 37

The main difference between saturated and unsaturated fats is that saturated fats have: one single bond

Question 38

This macromolecule serves for growth, repair, transportation, structure and other functions in the body: _____

Answer 38

This macromolecule serves for growth, repair, transportation, structure and other functions in the body: proteins

Question 39

Larger molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane through the process of _____

Answer 39

Larger molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane through the process of facilitated diffusion

Question 40

_____ are also known as the biological catalyst of the human body because _____

Answer 40

Enzymes are also known as the biological catalyst of the human body because they accelerate biological reactions without undergoing changes.

Question 41

This cellular process takes place by both plants and animals: _____

Answer 41

This cellular process takes place by both plants and animals: Cellular Respiration

Question 42

This enzyme breaks down lactose found in the dairy products: _____

Answer 42

This enzyme breaks down lactose found in the dairy products: Lactose

Question 43

Planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect. ______

Answer 43

Planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect. Conservation

Question 44

People who consider human to be at the focus or center of environmental systems. _____

Answer 44

People who consider human to be at the focus or center of environmental systems. Anthropocentric

Question 45

People who believe that the needs of all things coming from nature should be the focus or center of life on earth. _____

Answer 45

People who believe that the needs of all things coming from nature should be the focus or center of life on earth. Ecocentric

Question 46

An energy resource, organism, or substance from the natural environment which people can use for economic gain. ______

Answer 46

An energy resource, organism, or substance from the natural environment which people can use for economic gain. Natural Resources

Question 47

The beliefs and values that we have about nature and the use of natural resources are: ______

Answer 47

The beliefs and values that we have about nature and the use of natural resources are: Environmental Perspective

Question 48

A resource that can be replaced at the same rate it is used is: _____

Answer 48

A resource that can be replaced at the same rate it is used is: Renewable Resource

Question 49

A non-renewable resource formed from ancient plants and animals is: _____

Answer 49

A non-renewable resource formed from ancient plants and animals is: Fossil Fuels

Question 50

Name one advantage of conservation: _____

Answer 50

Name one advantage of conservation: More species can survive / lengths the time span for resources / preserves resources

Question 51

Recovering and extending natural resources is called: _____

Answer 51

Recovering and extending natural resources is called: Recycling

Question 52

A disadvantage of using fossil fuel: _____

Answer 52

A disadvantage of using fossil fuel: Global Warming / Pollution

Question 53

Name any TWO most common drawbacks of recycling: _____

Answer 53

Name any TWO most common drawbacks of recycling: Time, Money and Energy Consumption

Question 54

Name two ecological benefits or values of biodiversity. _____

Answer 54

Name two ecological benefits or values of biodiversity. Medical, Food and Clothing, Oxygen

Question 55

Define tipping point and give one example.

Answer 55

The critical point at which a series of small changes or incidents becomes significant enough to cause a larger, more important change that is unstoppable. Ex: Ozone-depleting (because of excess CO2 which increases global warming)

Question 56

43. Explain the effect of Human actions on the environment. (Ex. How does deforestation lead to Global warming?)

Answer 56

When we cut plants, CO2 exceeds in the environment which makes global warming

Question 57

Another name for petroleum is: _____

Answer 57

Another name for petroleum is: Crude Oil

Question 58

The modern-day materials are results of: ______

Answer 58

The modern-day materials are results of: The carbon undergoes chemical changes after millions of years and becomes the source of hydrocarbons like petrochemicals or petroleum products.

Question 59

The physical property used to separate the petroleum products is their _____

Answer 59

The physical property used to separate the petroleum products is their Boiling Point

Question 60

The properties of monomers depend upon the ____ and ____ of the monomers.

Answer 60

The properties of monomers depend upon the type and size of the monomers.

Question 61

Q. Write the differences and similarities between carbohydrates and fats.

Answer 61

Similarity: Both give energy Difference: They have different structures