Term 2 All Chapter 4

Question 1

What are stem cells?

Answer 1

Stem cells are unspecified cells that are able to develop into many different cells.

Question 2

What is fertilization?

Answer 2

Fertilization is a process in which the egg cell and the sperm cell joins together.

Question 3

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 3

The process by which cells become different types of cells is called cell differentiation.

Question 4

What is the level of organization?

Answer 4

Cells, tissues, organs, organ system and organism

Question 5

What are the four types of tissues?

Answer 5

Nerve Tissues,
Muscle Tissues,
Epithelial tissue,
Connective tissues.

Question 6

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 6

Keeping your body balanced and stabilized. Ex: Maintaining body temperature.

Question 7

2 Types of Neurotransmitters

Answer 7

Exhibitory

Inhibitory

Question 8

Resting Potential

Answer 8

-70 mv (No stimulus)

Question 9

Relex Arc

Answer 9

A nerve pathway that consist of the 3 types of neurons. (Sensory, Inter and Motor)

Question 10

What is a nerve impulse?

Answer 10

A nerve impulse is an electric charge travelling the length of the neuron.
Nerve impulse = Action potential

Question 11

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 11

The chemical that diffuses across the synapse and it causes channels to open on the neighboring cell and create a new action potential.

Question 12

What is a synapse?

Answer 12

The small gap between the axon and the dendrite of another neuron. A synapse is where vesicles release chemicals through exocytosis.

Question 13

What is a threshold?

Answer 13

The threshold is a minimum stimulus when a cell is depolarized and reached -55mv, at this point, the action potential occurs.

Question 14

What is the role of acetylcholine?

Answer 14

The transfer of acetylcholine simulates the muscles to move.

Question 15

Explain the action potential

Answer 15

When a neuron reaches its threshold, action potential occurs - sodium channels open and the sodium channels close; later, potassium channels open and potassium goes out of the neuron and the neuron reaches the resting potential (-70 mv)

Question 16

How might the reflex arc be completed before the brain interprets the event?

Answer 16

Even before the information reaches the brain, a single zaps back out from the spinal cord that tells the effectors, which are the muscles to move.

Question 17

Function of Periosteum

Answer 17

Covers and protects the outer surface of the bone. It contains nerve fibers and blood vessels.

Question 18

Function Of Compact Bone

Answer 18

Provides Strength and Protection

Question 19

Function Of Spongy Bone

Answer 19

No canals, less dense and many cavities/spaces that have bone marrow

Question 20

Function of Bone Marrow

Answer 20

The two types of bone marrow are – red and yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow is found in the humerus and Children’s bones have more red marrow than adult bones. Yellow bone marrow consists of stored fat.

Question 21

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 21

Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become porous and weak because they do not contain enough calcium.

Question 22

Bones stop growing at the end of __________

Answer 22

Bones stop growing at the end of adolescence

Question 23

What are the four ways bones are classified? Give examples of each.

Answer 23

• Flat – Skull, ribcage
• Long – Femur, radius
• Short – Phalanges
• Irregular – Vertebral Column

Question 24

Describe the function and the parts of the axial skeleton system

Answer 24

Axial skeleton system: supports your body, protecting your inner organs

• skull
• vertebral column
• ribs
• sternum

Question 25

Describe the function and the parts of the appendicular skeleton system.

Answer 25

Appendicular skeleton system: supports your body and keeps you straight

• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Humerus, Ulna, Radius
• Capral, Metacarpals, Phalanges
• Femur, Patella
• Tibia, Fibula
• Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalanges

Question 26

What is a cartilage?

Answer 26

Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue that contains the protein collagen. It covers the ends of bones where they meet. It protects joints, absorbs shock, and reduces friction between bones.

Question 27

What is a ligament?

Answer 27

A ligament is a band of fibrous connective tissue. Ligaments connect the bones of the skeleton and hold them together.

Question 28

Gives Examples of Moveable joint, immovable joint and slightly movable joint.

Answer 28

Moveable Joint: Wrist, Lower Jaw, Elbows, Toes, shoulder and neck

Immovable Joint: Upper jaw

Slightly movable: Vertebral column

Question 29

What are the three types of moveable joints with examples?

Answer 29

Hinge joint: Elbows, toes

Ball and socket joint: Shoulder

Pivot joint: neck

Question 30

List some functions of the skeleton system

Answer 30

• Sources as a framework to support the body
• Protects the soft organs of the body,
• Works with muscles to move the body
• Make blood cells.
• Stores calcium and maintains normal levels of calcium in blood.

Question 31

Define sense receptors and name the four types of sense receptors.

Answer 31

Sense receptors are the cells that we use to monitor the external environment.

• Photoreceptors: Light
• Mechanoreceptors: Pressure
• Thermoreceptors: Temperature
• Chemoreceptors: Chemicals

Question 32

Differentiate between the two types of motor neurons.

Answer 32

The two types of motor neurons are somatic and autonomic.

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions whereas the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary action.

Question 33

Which part of the nervous system is involved in the fight or flight response?

Answer 33

The sympathetic nervous system promotes a fight or flight response, preparing our bodies to respond to danger or to a perceived emergency. It makes your heart beat faster.

Question 34

What are the parts of the neuron?

Answer 34

The parts of the neuron include: dendrites, cell body, axon and nerve ending.

Question 35

What are the three functions that muscles perform?

Answer 35

• Producing movement: Muscular system works with the skeleton system to allow movement
• Maintaining body temperature: When muscle contacts, they release heat to keep the body warm
• Maintaining Posture: All muscles are always a little bit contacted to hold the body up against gravity.

Question 36

Explain the sliding filament theory

Answer 36

This theory states that once a nerve signal reaches the muscle, the actin filaments slide towards one another, causing the muscle to contract. The myosin filaments do not move. There are many skeletal muscles involved in a simple motion, such as turning this page.

Action potential reaches the axon terminal into the Nerve/Neuron Muscular Junction (NMJ) and releases acetylcholine (ach) which binds to the muscle receptors on the sarcolemma. Calcium ions are made in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and are released in the myofibrils and reaches the actin filament. Troponin protein blocks but calcium unblocks and takes troponin protein away. Myosin filaments attach in the actin binding spots with the help of ATP. The thin actin filament moves forwards as the myosin heads fall back (power stroke). Energy is lost and ATP becomes ADP and then ATP comes from the mitochondria and the process keeps going until no stimulus is received from the brain. When the muscles relax the filaments slide back into the original positions.

Question 37

_______ are the cells responsible for the growth and repair of bones.

Answer 37

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the growth and repair of bones.

Question 38

Bones are lengthened the most through the teenage years, as the bone cells divide and multiply. This occurs in sections of the bone known as ____ _____.

Answer 38

Bones are lengthened the most through the teenage years, as the bone cells divide and multiply. This occurs in sections of the bone known as growth plates.

Question 39

Why is Vitamin D important?

Answer 39

Vitamin D is important because it helps the bone extract calcium from the blood.

Question 40

What foods are rich in calcium and what foods are rich in Vitamin D?

Answer 40

Calcium: Dairy products and dark green vegetables

Vitamin D: Salmon and other fatty fish

Question 41

What is resorption?

Answer 41

At the age of 30- 35, calcium stored in the bones is broken down and carried away by the bloodstream. This process of resorption makes our bones less dense and therefore less strong.