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Fall 2014: Clinical Conditions 1 > Teratogens (Week 5) > Flashcards

Teratogens (Week 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are substances, deficits, conditions that have an adverse effect on development, leading to birth defects or death?

A

Teratogens

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2
Q

When must teratogens be presented to cause adverse affects?

A

critical windows of development

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3
Q

(T/F) Fetus is susceptible to environmental/chemical factors throughout gestation.

A

True

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4
Q

Along w/teratogen exposure, what can increase the severity of effects?

A

genetics

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5
Q

Name FDA Drug category

Human studies show no risk in 1st trimester, but no evidence for later trimesters

A

Category A

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6
Q

Name FDA Drug category

Human fetal risk, but benefits may outweigh risks

A

Category D

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7
Q

Name FDA Drug category

FDA has not classified the drug

A

Category N

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8
Q

Name FDA Drug category

Animal studies show no risk, but no adequate human studies

A

Category B

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9
Q

Name FDA Drug category

Human fetal risk, benefits DO NOT outweigh risks

A

Category X

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10
Q

Name FDA Drug category

Animal studies show no risk, but no adequate human studies, but benefits may outweigh risks

A

Category C

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11
Q

What FDA Drug category are Thalidomide and Accutane?

A

Category X

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12
Q

What FDA category are anti-depressants, ACE, anti-coagulants?

A

Category C & D

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13
Q

Drug used in the 50s and 60s to control morning sickness that resulted in infants born w/birth defects

A

Thalidomide

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14
Q

When was lead banned in paint and gas?

A

interior paint = 1978

gasoline = 1990s

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15
Q

Effect of lead poisoning on adults

A

peripheral neuropathy

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16
Q

Effect of high blood levels of lead on kids

A

seizures, coma, death

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17
Q

Effect of low blood levels of lead on kids

A

o Damage to CNS structures
o Impact neurotransmitter function
o Abnormal myelination
o Disruption of neuron migration during development

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18
Q

How can someone get mercury poisoning?

A

ingestion (bio-accumulates) or inhale methylmercury

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19
Q

T/F

Vaccines given to kids can cause autism bc of mercury exposure.

A

False

Vaccines contain ethylmercury not methylmercury

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20
Q

Effects of high doses of prenatal mercury exposure

A

brain damage
microcephaly
seizures
severe motor and cognitive deficits

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21
Q

Effects of low doses of prenatal mercury exposure

A

IQ deficits
memory and language impairment
visual perceptual impairment

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22
Q

What fish should you eat when pregnant?

A
  • fish high in Omega-3 FA for neural development

- avoid fish high in food chain (mercury bio-accumulates)

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23
Q

Heavy metal treatment

A

chelation therapy

24
Q

What 4 factors influence the damage of FASD?

A

 1. Amount consumed
 2. Timing
 3. Duration of consumption
 4. Genetics

25
Q

T/F

FASD causes different facial characteristics depending on ethnicicty

A

False

26
Q

If baby is exposed to this pre/postnatally they have:

  • increased risk SIDS
  • increase risk ear infections and asthma
A

smoking

27
Q 
What could cause a baby to have:
ADHD
Microcephaly
LD
Physical dysabilities
Behavioral issues
A

FASD

28
Q

what can increase risk of cleft palate, premature or LBW, miscarrage or stillborn?

A

smoking during pregnancy

29
Q 
These are all examples of?
o	Bisphenol-A (BPA)
o	Phthalates
o	Dioxins
o	Flame retardants
o	DDT (pesticide)
o	Plastics with the numbers 3, 6, 7, recycling triangle 
o	Lining of vegetable cans
A

endocrine disruptors

30
Q

What are endocrine disruptors?

A

chemicals that negatively impacting development, reproduction, immunity & neurology in humans and wildlife

31
Q

What are PCBs?

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls

- used in electronics, paint, pesticides, plastics until 1970s

32
Q

How do PCBs get into our systems?

A
  • eating fish bc PCBs are fat soluble and bio-accumulate
33
Q

High exposure to PCBs can cause (3)

A
  1. Cognitive delays
  2. behavioral disorders
  3. growth retardation
34
Q

deficiency of folic acid (B9 and B12) can cause

A

NTDs (bc folate is important for neuralation)

35
Q

What contains Vitamin A?

Effects of too much during pregnancy?

A
  • retinol and carotenoids

- birth defects

36
Q

Inhaling or ingesting the following substance can cause:
o Cancer
o Endocrine and reproductive issues
o Decreased cognitive skills and attention
o Risk of developmental delay
o ADHD
o Autism

A

pesticides and insecticides

37
Q

When is exposure to german measles (rubella) the most dangerous?

A

1st trimester

38
Q

Prevention of rubella?

A

MMR vaccine

39
Q

Effects on baby exposed to rubella (4)

A
  1. heart probs
  2. hearing and vision loss
  3. Intellectual disability
  4. liver or spleen damage
40
Q

If baby is fine at birth but develops
- hearing loss, vision probs, neurological and development probs
later on they may have been exposed to?

A

CMV (cytomegalovirus)

41
Q

Parasitic infection usually from cat litter or uncooked meat

A

toxoplasmosis

42
Q

Toxoplasmosis can cause (3)

A
  • seizures
  • intellectual disability
  • blindness
43
Q

T/F

You can pass a change in your genetic code on to your kids.

A

True

44
Q

Study of how some genes can be turned on and off through chemical rxns. Environmental chemical exposure could cause these rxns.

A

Epigenetics

45
Q

only inherit 1 vs 2 working copies of gene

A

imprinted gene disorder

46
Q

gene alleles are expressed only by maternal or paternal

A

imprinted neurogenic disorder

47
Q

Is fragile X syndrome more common and severe in boys or girls?

A

boys

1:4000

48
Q

What gene is affected in fragile X and is it dominant or recessive?

A

X-linked dominant

mutation of FMR1 gene

49
Q

What disorder shows prominent facial features, frequent co-diagnosis w/autism, hypermobile joints, significant intellectual disabilities?

A

Fragile X

50
Q

Sister syndrome of prader willi

A

angelman syndrome

51
Q

What gene is affected w/Angelman syndrome?

A

Absence or mutation of a non-imprinted gene UBE3A on the mother’s chromosome #15 or two paternal copies

52
Q

What gene is affected w/Prader Willi syndrome?

A

Partial deletion or abnormality on father’s chromosome #15 or two maternal copies

53
Q

These kids are:

  • fair skin and blonde hair
  • happy demeanor
  • severe developmental delay
  • ataxia/jerky mvmt
  • epilepsy
  • microcephally
A

Angelman syndrome

54
Q

These kids:

  • initial failure to thrive but then hyperphagia
  • hypotonia
  • behavioral issues (OCD)
  • developmental and cognitive delays
  • smaller stature, small hands/feet
A

Prader-willi syndrome

55
Q

what syndrome is only in females and is under same umbrella as autism?

A

Rett Syndrome

56
Q

What causes Rett syndrome?

A

Mutation of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) which is needed for brain development

57
Q

List 6 common symptoms of Rett syndrome.

A
  1. making sounds (sometimes non-verbal)
  2. hand wringing
  3. apraxia
  4. scoliosis
  5. distant stare
  6. hyperventilation and apnea

Fall 2014: Clinical Conditions 1 (17 decks)

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