Teratogens (Week 5) Flashcards
What are substances, deficits, conditions that have an adverse effect on development, leading to birth defects or death?
Teratogens
When must teratogens be presented to cause adverse affects?
critical windows of development
(T/F) Fetus is susceptible to environmental/chemical factors throughout gestation.
True
Along w/teratogen exposure, what can increase the severity of effects?
genetics
Name FDA Drug category
Human studies show no risk in 1st trimester, but no evidence for later trimesters
Category A
Name FDA Drug category
Human fetal risk, but benefits may outweigh risks
Category D
Name FDA Drug category
FDA has not classified the drug
Category N
Name FDA Drug category
Animal studies show no risk, but no adequate human studies
Category B
Name FDA Drug category
Human fetal risk, benefits DO NOT outweigh risks
Category X
Name FDA Drug category
Animal studies show no risk, but no adequate human studies, but benefits may outweigh risks
Category C
What FDA Drug category are Thalidomide and Accutane?
Category X
What FDA category are anti-depressants, ACE, anti-coagulants?
Category C & D
Drug used in the 50s and 60s to control morning sickness that resulted in infants born w/birth defects
Thalidomide
When was lead banned in paint and gas?
interior paint = 1978
gasoline = 1990s
Effect of lead poisoning on adults
peripheral neuropathy
Effect of high blood levels of lead on kids
seizures, coma, death
Effect of low blood levels of lead on kids
o Damage to CNS structures
o Impact neurotransmitter function
o Abnormal myelination
o Disruption of neuron migration during development
How can someone get mercury poisoning?
ingestion (bio-accumulates) or inhale methylmercury
T/F
Vaccines given to kids can cause autism bc of mercury exposure.
False
Vaccines contain ethylmercury not methylmercury
Effects of high doses of prenatal mercury exposure
brain damage
microcephaly
seizures
severe motor and cognitive deficits
Effects of low doses of prenatal mercury exposure
IQ deficits
memory and language impairment
visual perceptual impairment
What fish should you eat when pregnant?
- fish high in Omega-3 FA for neural development
- avoid fish high in food chain (mercury bio-accumulates)
Heavy metal treatment
chelation therapy
What 4 factors influence the damage of FASD?
1. Amount consumed
2. Timing
3. Duration of consumption
4. Genetics
T/F
FASD causes different facial characteristics depending on ethnicicty
False
If baby is exposed to this pre/postnatally they have:
- increased risk SIDS
- increase risk ear infections and asthma
smoking
What could cause a baby to have: ADHD Microcephaly LD Physical dysabilities Behavioral issues
FASD
what can increase risk of cleft palate, premature or LBW, miscarrage or stillborn?
smoking during pregnancy
These are all examples of? o Bisphenol-A (BPA) o Phthalates o Dioxins o Flame retardants o DDT (pesticide) o Plastics with the numbers 3, 6, 7, recycling triangle o Lining of vegetable cans
endocrine disruptors
What are endocrine disruptors?
chemicals that negatively impacting development, reproduction, immunity & neurology in humans and wildlife
What are PCBs?
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- used in electronics, paint, pesticides, plastics until 1970s
How do PCBs get into our systems?
- eating fish bc PCBs are fat soluble and bio-accumulate
High exposure to PCBs can cause (3)
- Cognitive delays
- behavioral disorders
- growth retardation
deficiency of folic acid (B9 and B12) can cause
NTDs (bc folate is important for neuralation)
What contains Vitamin A?
Effects of too much during pregnancy?
- retinol and carotenoids
- birth defects
Inhaling or ingesting the following substance can cause:
o Cancer
o Endocrine and reproductive issues
o Decreased cognitive skills and attention
o Risk of developmental delay
o ADHD
o Autism
pesticides and insecticides
When is exposure to german measles (rubella) the most dangerous?
1st trimester
Prevention of rubella?
MMR vaccine
Effects on baby exposed to rubella (4)
- heart probs
- hearing and vision loss
- Intellectual disability
- liver or spleen damage
If baby is fine at birth but develops
- hearing loss, vision probs, neurological and development probs
later on they may have been exposed to?
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
Parasitic infection usually from cat litter or uncooked meat
toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis can cause (3)
- seizures
- intellectual disability
- blindness
T/F
You can pass a change in your genetic code on to your kids.
True
Study of how some genes can be turned on and off through chemical rxns. Environmental chemical exposure could cause these rxns.
Epigenetics
only inherit 1 vs 2 working copies of gene
imprinted gene disorder
gene alleles are expressed only by maternal or paternal
imprinted neurogenic disorder
Is fragile X syndrome more common and severe in boys or girls?
boys
1:4000
What gene is affected in fragile X and is it dominant or recessive?
X-linked dominant
mutation of FMR1 gene
What disorder shows prominent facial features, frequent co-diagnosis w/autism, hypermobile joints, significant intellectual disabilities?
Fragile X
Sister syndrome of prader willi
angelman syndrome
What gene is affected w/Angelman syndrome?
Absence or mutation of a non-imprinted gene UBE3A on the mother’s chromosome #15 or two paternal copies
What gene is affected w/Prader Willi syndrome?
Partial deletion or abnormality on father’s chromosome #15 or two maternal copies
These kids are:
- fair skin and blonde hair
- happy demeanor
- severe developmental delay
- ataxia/jerky mvmt
- epilepsy
- microcephally
Angelman syndrome
These kids:
- initial failure to thrive but then hyperphagia
- hypotonia
- behavioral issues (OCD)
- developmental and cognitive delays
- smaller stature, small hands/feet
Prader-willi syndrome
what syndrome is only in females and is under same umbrella as autism?
Rett Syndrome
What causes Rett syndrome?
Mutation of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) which is needed for brain development
List 6 common symptoms of Rett syndrome.
- making sounds (sometimes non-verbal)
- hand wringing
- apraxia
- scoliosis
- distant stare
- hyperventilation and apnea
