Fetal Development and NTD (Week 2) Flashcards
this is the time when the placenta forms
germinal period
fertilization to 2 weeks gestational
germinal
during the germinal period, what is the name for whats growing?
blastocyte
2nd to the 8th week gestational?
embryonic period
the time period when major malformations can occur?
embryonic period
what is the baby considered during the embryonic period?
embryo
9 weeks to birth?
fetal period
first trimester
first 12 weeks
second trimester?
13-28 weeks
third trimester
29-40 weeks
this period is for most sensory and motor development
fetal period
this germ layer makes up the nervous system, epithelium, eyes, inner ear and many CTs
ectoderm
this germ layer makes up the heart, circulatory system, and bones and muscles
mesoderm
this germ layer makes up the lungs, intestines, and lining of many organs
endoderm
major anatomical issues arise during which weeks?
3-8
functional defects and minor anatomical issues occur during these weeks
8-38
window during which organs are very sensitive to growth and damage?
critical window
what is the term for the things that pose threats in development?
teratogen
This fetal system matures as the baby swallows amniotic fluid and urinates to produce more?
digestive system
this system develops in the fetus by breathing in amniotic fluid
respiratory
this fetal system provides oxygenation and nutrition
fetal circulation
true or false: fetus circulation includes the pulmonary circulation
false
what is the structure that helps cushion the fetus, allows for movement of the limbs, promotes symmetrical growth, and helps with temp regulation and overall development?
amniotic fluid
what is oligohydramnios?
too little amniotic fluid
what is the main concern with oligohydramnios (2)?
problems with sucks and swallow
can lead to underdeveloped lungs
what is polyhydramnios? what is it usually caused by
too much amniotic fluid due to maternal issues
What issues can arise with polyhydramnios?
certain malformations that obstruct AF circulation
when does fetal movement begin?
6 weeks
true or false: muscles begin to move as soon as they are innervated
true
when does the mother start to feel the baby move?
16-20 weeks
what actions are commonly seen during the first trimester?
12 weeks
thumb sucking and swallowing
what actions are commonly seen with second trimester?
18-28 weeks
kicking
what action is commonly seen during the third trimester?
stepping
when does neurulation begin
18 days after fertilization
What is a group of malformations of the CNS resulting in incomplete closure?
neural tube defects
when do neural tube defects occur?
first month of gestation
3 main types of NTD?
- Spina Bifida
- Encephalocele
- Anencephaly
This problem arises when the midline of the neural tube does not close properly so a portion of the brain is malformed and protrudes?
encephalocele
Spastic diplegia, hydrocephalus, seizure, and intellectual problems are common among this type of NTD
encephalocele
this NTD develops when the vertebral arches do not close properly
spina bifida
3 main types of spina bifida
- spina bifida oculta
- meningocele
- meningomyelocele
which is the most common form of SB
SBO
This is associated with all forms of SB
tethered cord syndrome
a hairy patch, birthmark, or small bump on the lower back may be an indication of this?
tethered cord syndrome
What occurs with meningocele?
an exposed meningeal sac that requires surgical repair
Why does incontinence occur with meningocele?
because SN S2-S4 are effected and they control bowel movements
This occurs when there is a herniation of meninges and SC into a sac
meningomyelocele
True or False: Meningomyelocele is commonly seen in thoracic and lumbar?
False, Lumbar and sacral
chiari type 2, neurogenic bowel, and hydrocephalus are all common in this NTD
meningomyelocele
These are characterized by structural malformation of the cerebellum and 4th ventricle and this brain tissue extends into the SC
chiari type 2 malformation
This is characterized by an excess of CSF leading to enlargement of the ventricles; shunting is often used to counter this?
congenital hydrocephalus
what is a common allergy seen with NTD?
latex
what is an example of an impaired secondary neurulation
agenesis of the corpus callosum
4 steps of neurogenesis
- proliferation-production of nerve cells
- migration-organization
- pruning and synaptogenesis
- myelination- speed
What disorder occurs when there is an impairment in the proliferation of cells?
Microcephaly
during migration, what two things help with this process
radial glial cells
reelin- assist in guiding
What 2 disorder occurs when there is an impairment in the migration of cells?
Lissencephaly-reelin is not produced
Seizures-due to angular not vertical projections
Why is the cerebellum at such a high risk for issues?
because it takes a really long time to develop
This is a term used when there is lack of part or all of the cerebellum?
cerebellar hypoplasia
This is the process of making proper neuronal connection
synaptogenesis
this is the process of eliminating redundant neurons
pruning/aptosis
what are leukodystrophies?
an impairment in the myelination; the white matter degenerates due to improper growth
white matter disorder
